• Country

        Kazakhstan

        Kazakhstan is a significant producer of coal, crude oil and natural gas, and a major energy exporter. While coal dominates the country’s energy mix, renewable sources of energy are a small but growing share of Kazakhstan’s electricity generation. Gas pipeline network expansion remains a priority, in order to expand access and reduce reliance on coal and LPG for household consumption. Kazakhstan is part of the EU4Energy Programme, an initiative focused on evidence-based policymaking for the energy sector.

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        • Country

        Lithuania

        Lithuania has undergone several energy transitions over the past decade. Despite importing a large share of its electricity, the country successfully ended its reliance on Russian energy imports in March 2022. Along with its neighbours, Estonia and Latvia, Lithuania disconnected from the Russian electricity system and completed the synchronisation of its grid with the Continental European Synchronous Area (CESA) in February 2025. By 2030, Lithuania aims to shift from being an electricity importer to becoming a net exporter. Although the country’s energy consumption still depends heavily on imported fossil fuels, the share of bioenergy in the domestic energy supply…

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        • Policy

        • Poland

        • 2021

        Modernisation Fund - Poland

        The Modernisation Fund is a dedicated funding programme to support 10 lower-income EU Member States in their transition to climate neutrality by helping to modernise their energy systems and improve energy efficiency. For Poland, the function of the National Operator of the Modernization Fund is performed by the National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management. 

        • Policy

        • Poland

        • 2021

        Energy Policy of Poland until 2040 (PEP2040)

        The Polish government has approved Poland’s energy policy until 2040 (PEP2040), which sets the framework for the energy transformation in the country. It is the first strategic document regarding Polish energy approved in 12 years. It presents solutions to meet EU climate and energy goals such as the construction of offshore wind capacity or the commissioning of the first nuclear power plant in the country planned for 2033.PEP2040 puts at its heart a just and inclusive energy transition towards a zero-emissions system based on innovation, sustainable economic growth, increased efficiency and competition. The final key driver is…

        • Policy

        • Poland

        • 2010

        National Renewable Energy Action Plan (NREAP) of Poland

        In 2010 Poland prepared and submitted to the European Commission its National Renewable Energy Action Plan (NREAP) fulfilling its obligations deriving from art. 4(1) of Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources.
        Main goal of the NREAP is to outline a path of Poland to achieve its renewable energy target by 2020 set by the EU. By 2020 Poland is obliged to increase share of renewable energy share of its total annual energy consumption to 15% .
        The document includes…

        • Country

        Zambia

        Coal production is set to increase in Zambia, but exports remain limited to trade with neighbouring countries. The country has recently made good progress regarding electrification rates through a large push for mini-grid and off-grid solutions in rural areas.

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        • Country

        Bosnia and Herzegovina

        Bosnia and Herzegovina adopted a National Environmental Action Plan, which provides action path to address the major environmental issues of the country. In the energy sector the target will be achieved by increasing energy efficiency and usage of renewables (hydro, solar, wind and geothermal energy).

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        • Country

        Pakistan

        In Pakistan, most of the primary energy supply comes from oil and natural gas. Hydropower is the main renewable source of energy in the country but wind and solar PV’s shares are slowly growing. More than 40 million people remain without access to electricity and half the population lack access to clean cooking facilities.

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        • Country

        Belgium

        Belgium’s energy policy is focused on transitioning to a low-carbon economy while ensuring energy security, lowering costs for consumers and increasing market competition. Belgium has made progress on these goals, notably as a global leader in offshore wind. The country is also seeing a rapid uptake of electric vehicles. However, Belgium remains reliant on fossil fuels and more aggressive policies are needed accelerate emissions reductions, especially for the industry sector.

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        • Country

        Romania

        By 2020, the objective of Romania is to guarantee the efficient operation of its energy system under security conditions. Romania also plans to meet the obligations set by EU in terms of greenhouse gas emissions through its legislative package “Climate changes – renewable energies”.

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