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Northwest European Hydrogen Monitor 2025
…to demand centres.The development of the low-emissions hydrogen market in Northwest Europe could gradually scale up in the short- to medium-term. Northwest European countries now have ambition to develop up to 30 to 35 gigawatts (GW) of electrolyser capacity by 2030. However, most low-emissions hydrogen projects are currently in the early stages of development. Their success will depend largely on supportive policies and regulatory frameworks. The cost-efficient development of low-emissions hydrogen markets also necessitates a regional approach that maximises existing synergies among national markets. This is the third edition of the Northwest European Hydrogen Monitor…
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Heat Pump Taxonomy
…used.The Heat Pump Taxonomy Project, led by the IEA in collaboration with stakeholders from over 50 institutions, has developed a proposed taxonomy that focuses initially on heat pumps used as primary heating equipment in buildings, and that could be gradually expanded to other sectors. It introduces a structured classification framework based on source, sink and product characteristics. Advancing towards a common taxonomy supports cross-country comparability and facilitates international collaboration towards strengthening the evidence base for policy making and industry planning.The Heat Pump Taxonomy Technology Explorer offers an accessible, interactive way to explore different heat pump types available…
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Canada is set to play a leading role in supplying the world with responsibly produced critical minerals
…other countries, which typically have only part of the critical minerals value chain within their jurisdictions. Access to low-emissions energy sources such as hydro and nuclear power can also serve as a competitive advantage in the development of its critical minerals sector.Canada’s slate of existing and announced projects could enhance its role as a major global supplier of nickel, lithium, graphite, cobalt and rare earth elements. Mining of copper, cobalt, lithium, nickel and graphite is already widespread across several provinces and territories, with 56 active projects in 2024 – and Canada already covers, or aims to cover, multiple stages…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2025 Production prospects to 2030
…operation date announced by developers. Delays are particularly acute among electrolyser projects, many of which had announced very ambitious timelines for a technology that had not previously been deployed at large scale. In comparison, large-scale CCUS projects have been operating for several years. More than half of potential electrolyser capacity is now set to slip past target operational dates, while 20% of CCUS capacity is similarly deferred.This delay in project delivery raises questions about the volume of low-emissions hydrogen production that can feasibly be in operation by 2030. To evaluate announced projects, we have developed a methodology…
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Financing CCUS at Scale Executive summary
…preserve capital and distribute risks: more than USD 15 billion in commercial debt has been raised over the past 2 years, primarily through a handful of landmark non-recourse transactions in Europe and North America. Venture capital and growth equity have also supported technology and infrastructure developers, but project-level private equity investment remains limited and largely concentrated in North America. Unlocking large‑scale private capital will require widening the pool of participating investors and lenders, from commercial and development banks to insurers and institutional investors. Interviews conducted by the IEA with a dozen financial institutions indicate that appetite for CCUS is increasin...
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China’s Official Energy Finance in Emerging and Developing Economies Case 6. CNOOC investment in Guyana: Whiptail Oil Field
Project overview and impact Guyana has become a dynamic upstream oil market, transforming from a non-producer to an emerging oil exporter within the decade. Since the first discovery of oil in the Stabroek Block in 2015, six large-scale developments have been approved, turning the area into a central pillar of the country’s economic strategy. Production is expected to exceed 1.3 million barrels per day by 2027, making Guyana one of the largest per-capita oil producers globally. The government’s production sharing contract allocates 14.5% of total crude output to the state, with the remainder…
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China’s Official Energy Finance in Emerging and Developing Economies Case 1. Uzbekistan 1-GW Solar PV Project
Project overview and impact Uzbekistan is beginning a rapid scale-up of renewable power, and large solar projects are essential for meeting its target to increase the share of renewables to 40% of total electricity generation by 2030. This is a strikingly ambitious objective given today’s starting point: in 2023, around 90% of Uzbekistan’s electricity was produced from fossil fuels, mainly in the form of natural gas, while solar and wind together accounted for less than 1%, and renewables more broadly reached only about 10%, almost all of which came from hydropower. At the same time, electricity demand…
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Global EV Outlook 2025
…in electric vehicle deployment, demand for their batteries and charging infrastructure. It considers recent policy developments and industry strategies shaping the outlook for electric vehicles in different markets. This edition features analysis of electric vehicle affordability, manufacturing and trade of electric cars and their batteries, and the total cost of ownership of electric heavy-duty trucks across various markets, and makes projections to 2030.The report is complemented by updated versions of two online tools: the Global EV Data Explorer and the Global EV Policy Explorer, which allow users to further explore EV statistics and projections, and policy measures worldwide.
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Global Hydrogen Review 2025
…in 2021. Low-emissions hydrogen production projects have gone from just a handful of demonstrations to more than 200 committed investments for projects that are increasing in number and in scale, reflecting the importance of hydrogen for climate goals, energy security and industrial competitiveness. Nevertheless, growth has not met all of the expectations raised at the start of the decade and remains uneven. Uncertainties about costs, infrastructure readiness and evolving regulatory frameworks all present barriers to faster deployment.This fifth edition of the Global Hydrogen Review takes stock of the progress to date and explores the challenges ahead, in order…
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Land-Use Competition between Biodiversity and Net Zero Goals
…energy, climate, and biodiversity conservation has major implications for land use. To ensure that the tripling of renewable energy capacity by 2030 aligns with the goal of protecting 30% of the planet’s land and water by the same date, robust mechanisms that direct solar and wind projects away from the world’s most biodiverse areas are needed. To address the potential impacts of renewable development on biodiversity, the IEA developed the Renewable Energy and Land-Use Model (REALM), which identifies areas of overlap between renewable projects, critical mineral mining, and conservation priorities. Using Canada as a case study, this…
