• Policy

        • Tunisia

        • 1991

        Act No. 91-45 of 1 July 1991 on petroleum products

        Refineries, importers, buyers and distributors of petroleum products are required to build up, hold and maintain security stocks in order to ensure a regular supply to the country. The amounts of this surcharge and the rules for its application are set by order of the Minister responsible for energy.

        • Policy

        • Germany

        • 2010

        National Energy Action Plan (NREAP)

        …energy, energy efficiency and GHG cuts targets.
        Germany renewable energy 2020 targets:

        Overall target: 18% of share of energy generated from renewable sources in gross final energy consumption;
        Heating and Cooling: 15.5% of demand met by renewable energy sources;
        Electricity: 37% of electricity demand met by electricity generated from renewable energy sources;
        Transport: 13% of energy demand met by renewable energy sources;

         
        Crucial measure for the development of renewable energies in Germany is “2012 Amendment of the Renewable Energy Sources Act –EEG” supporting energy production from renewable sources.  The EEG is supplemented by the "Combined Heat and Power Act"…

        • Policy

        • Germany

        • 2023

        Renewable Energy Sources Act (Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz EEG)

        Germany has introduced tenders to support innovative projects that combine variable renewable electricity generation with hydrogen storage, with planned tender volumes increasing from 400 MW in 2023 to 1,000 MW by 2028. While green electricity used for hydrogen production is exempt from the EEG levy, it does not qualify for any additional incentives under the EEG framework.

        • Policy

        • Chinese Taipei

        • 2009

        Measure Governing Oil in Emergency Management

        The law empowers Chinese Taipei's central authority to implement oil demand restraint measures during emergencies, as defined in Article 21 of the Petroleum Administration Law. These include quotas, price controls, stockpile adjustments, and distribution priorities to ensure supply stability and national security. A special emergency council coordinates enforcement and inter-agency collaboration.

        • Policy

        • Austria

        • 2013

        Energy Intervention Powers Act 2012 (EnLG 2012)

        The government can prescribe and implement intervention measures for natural gas to ensure supply security. Certain gas volumes stored by end consumers are protected from control measures up to 50% of their previous year's consumption. Specific instructions can be given to gas companies regarding production, transport, distribution, storage, and trade. Gas distribution to end consumers is prioritized based on urgency, substitutability, and economic impact.

        • Policy

        • Spain

        • 1998

        Law 34/1998 on the Hydrocarbon Sector

        The purpose of this Law is to provide the legislative framework to standardise the field of hydrocarbons in Spain. Article 50 states that any operators authorised to wholesale petroleum products and any company that carries out a retail distribution activity of products not purchased from the aforementioned operators must maintain minimum safety stocks of petroleum products at all times. The Corporation of Strategic Reserves of Petroleum Products is also empowered by the Government to maintain minimum stocks.In addition, the sectorial law establishes the permit regime applicable to both petroleum products and natural gas, establishing the infrastructures and the agents…

        • Policy

        • Malta

        • 2012

        Maintenance of Minimum Stocks of Crude Oil and, or Petroleum Products Regulations

        These regulations implement the European Union’s Directive 2009/119/EC and lays out a specific legal framework concerning the protection of Malta’s energy supply by stockholding oil and other petroleum products. The regulator appoints economic operators to maintain stockpiling. The Government also has the right to stockpile. It was last amended in 2019.

        • Policy

        • Ireland

        • 1971

        1971 Fuels (Control of Supplies) Act

        The 1971 Fuels (Control of Supplies) Act, as amended by the 1982 Fuels (Control of Supplies) Act, provides the legal framework to Ireland’s response to oil emergencies, where it is necessary for the Government to control the supply of fuel to the market. National Oil Reserves Agency is responsible for maintaining these stocks, which can be hold by the Agency itself or hold through holding contracts.

        • Policy

        • India

        • 1948

        Oilfields (Regulation and Development) Act 1948

        This states that Central Government may, by proper notification, make rules for regulating petroleum exploration licenses, petroleum mining leases, and the collection of royalties. It has provisions regarding delegation, applicable penalties, powers of inspection and relaxations of rules in special cases.

        • Policy

        • Germany

        • 2024

        National hydrogen import strategy

        …range regarding hydrogen demand in Germany and imports: By 2045, hydrogen demand in Germany of 150-650 TWh (including derivatives, according to climate target achievement scenarios) and hydrogen imports of 25-418 TWh are expected. The range of the import share is also higher in the Energiewende-Monitoring at 26-92% than in the SES. These ranges reflect the high market uncertainty. As part of new long-term scenarios for the entire energy system, which are currently being developed by a scientific consortium on behalf of the BMWE, new estimates of hydrogen demand in Germany and import quotas are being…

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