• Fuel report

        • Oct 2025

        Gas Market Lessons from the 2022-2023 Energy Crisis Anatomy of a natural gas crisis

        …invasion of Ukraine), the Russian Federation (hereafter “Russia”) attempted to impose a rouble payment system on EU buyers for existing contracts. This action led to unilateral cuts in exports and Russian sanctions on certain buyers as EU member states contested the legality of the move.Furthermore, by October 2022 only three pipeline routes connecting Russia to Europe (the Ukrainian transit route, Blue Stream and TurkStream) remained functional after Russia’s decision to cease transit through the historic Yamal-Europe pipeline (May 2022) – through Belarus and into Poland – and the still unelucidated acts of sabotage on the Nord Stream and Nor...

        Gas Market Lessons from the 2022 2023 Energy Crisis Red LNG tanker and swarm of tugboats shutterstock 1421288093

        • Country

        Slovenia

        Slovenia has put in place a National Renewable Action Plan to 2020, which targets a 25% share of energy generation from renewable sources in gross final energy consumption and 39% of electricity demand met by electricity generated from renewable energy sources.

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        • Country

        Czechia

        Czechia has decoupled economic growth from energy consumption since 2009, yet the country’s energy and carbon intensity remain above the IEA average, which highlights the need to make energy efficiency the “first principle” of energy policy. Fossil fuels are still essential building blocks of the energy mix with coal as the single largest fuel for total energy supply and electricity generation. The country is committed to phase-out coal by 2033 and is putting in place a framework for an inclusive transition. Nuclear is the second largest electricity source and the government plans to build new nuclear units at…

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        • Country

        Slovak Republic

        The key objectives of the Slovak energy policy agenda are: increasing efficiency in the power and end‐use sectors, reducing energy intensity, reducing dependence on energy imports, expanding the use of nuclear power, increasing the share of renewables in the heat and electricity sectors, and supporting the use of alternative fuels for transport. With these sound objectives in place, the government should now focus on the cost‐effective implementation of concrete actions. Mining of coal for electricity production ended in 2023 and an additional nuclear unit was commissioned. The country remains dependent on energy imports from Russia, making energy security…

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        • Country

        Belarus

        Energy policy in Belarus focuses on providing reliable energy while reducing import–dependence, particularly on natural gas from a single supplier. The government is contemplating attractive investment measures and fuel diversification to reduce natural gas consumption and include more coal and renewables into the country's energy mix, while developing local energy sources and introducing nuclear power.

        Belarus has also prioritized improving energy efficiency in electricity and heat production and is phasing out subsidies for electricity, heat and gas, which is expected to make the energy sector more market-focused and investor-friendly. Belarus is part of the EU4Energy Programme…

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        • Country

        Hungary

        Hungary was among the first countries globally, in June 2020, to make a legal commitment to become carbon neutral by 2050 and plans to phase out coal by 2030 at the latest. Enhanced energy efficiency, increased renewable and nuclear electricity and electrification of end-use sectors are identified as the key drivers towards the 2050 target. Hungary plans to build two new nuclear unit and while solar PV has grown notably, wind lacks behind its potential but the change in siting limits for wind turbines are likely to have a positive impact on the sector.

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        • Country

        Moldova

        Moldova is almost fully dependent on fossil fuel and electricity imports, with natural gas serving most of its energy needs. The government plans to diversify the energy mix with renewables such as wind and solar. Moldova is part of the EU4Energy Programme, which focuses on improving evidence-based policy making for the energy sector.

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        • Policy

        • Poland

        • 1990

        Environmental Protection Act - Poland carbon tax

        The Poland carbon tax (Stawki opłat za korzystanie ze środowiska, as applied to GHGs) is part of the Environmental Protection Act (Prawo ochrony srodowiska), which taxes different kinds of environmental emissions such as CO2 and other GHG emissions, dust and waste. The price increases each year in line with inflation. The tax complements the EU ETS, capturing emissions from fuel use not covered by the ETS.

        • Country

        Portugal

        Portugal is supporting decarbonisation through a wide variety of measures, such as, coal-fired generation was phased out in 2021. Portugal is further developing its large hydropower fleet, including additional capacity of pumped hydro storage. Portugal is an international leader for integration of wind generation, and auctions are driving rapid deployment of PV and battery storage. Portugal is pushing for better electricity interconnections with the rest of Europe. Portugal’s National Energy and Climate Plan sets 2030 targets for emissions reductions, energy efficiency and renewable energy that aim to put the country a path to achieving cost effective carbon neutrality…

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        • Country

        Zimbabwe

        Zimbabwe holds large coal reserves and production is set to increase. The country has also significantly untapped its hydropower potential, even though the share of hydropower generation is gradually decreasing.

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