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Luxembourg 2026
…Review was prepared in partnership between the Government of Luxembourg and the IEA. It draws on the IEA’s extensive knowledge and the inputs of expert peers from IEA Member countries to assess Luxembourg’s most pressing energy sector challenges and provide recommendations on how to address them, backed by international best practices. The report also highlights areas where Luxembourg’s leadership can serve as an example in promoting secure and clean energy transitions. It also promotes the exchange of best practices among countries to foster learning, build consensus and strengthen political will for a sustainable and affordable energy future.
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Economic growth
…GDP per unit of energy. Energy efficiency progress over the last 20 years means that close to an extra USD 50 trillion can today be produced using the same amount of energy. This energy efficiency bonus is equivalent to adding almost two times the GDP of the United States without needing to increase energy consumption.Energy efficiency can generate broader economic benefits, with studies also showing improvements in labour productivity and public budgets. Key analysis Energy is a fundamental input into nearly every aspect of the economy. As the economy grows, so does the demand for energy. However, energy efficiency plays a…
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Oil
Oil
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World Energy Outlook 2022 Outlook for liquid fuels
…be more different from what it was in 2020. Two years ago, lockdowns imposed in response to the Covid-19 pandemic caused a huge oversupply of oil, leading prices to collapse to an average of USD 44/barrel. Today, global supply is struggling to keep pace with demand, with many producers bumping up against capacity constraints and Russia’s invasion of Ukraine sharply accentuating market tightness. Prices have soared to an average of USD 105/barrel so far in 2022.Global oil use is subject to sharply conflicting pressures. Some sectors, notably aviation, are still recovering from the shock of the pandemic…
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Global Energy Review 2026 Electricity demand
Electricity demand grew more than twice as fast as overall energy demand Global electricity demand grew year-on-year by around 3% in 2025, easing from 4.4% in 2024, when intense heat waves boosted electricity consumption. Nevertheless, the 2025 growth rate remained above the 2.8% annual average observed between 2014 and 2024 and was also well over twice the rate of overall global energy demand growth in 2025 (1.3%). Demand growth was well above long-term average rates in advanced economies, but slowed in Asian economies In 2025, emerging market and developing economies accounted for 80% of…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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+ 9 pages
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Global Energy Review 2025 CO2 Emissions
…passenger demand. The modest overall rise in emissions from oil use is largely due to the fact that petrochemical feedstocks accounted for 70% of the total volumetric increase in oil use. Carbon emissions trends varied widely across regions Emissions trends between regions diverged in 2024. CO2 emissions grew in emerging market and developing economies and international aviation and marine bunkers, outweighing reductions from advanced economies led by the European Union, Japan and the United States.In emerging market and developing economies, energy-related CO2 emissions increased by 1.5% (375 Mt CO2) in 2024, driven by rising energy demand associated…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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+ 3 pages
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World Energy Employment 2024 Executive summary
…into clean energy are seeing significant employment growth from these sectors, with clean energy job growth representing over 10% of economy-wide job growth in China and 4-6% in advanced economies such as the United States, the European Union and Japan in 2023. However, in many emerging and developing economies other than China, clean energy’s share of new jobs is below 2%. Employment in oil and gas increased in 2023, but coal jobs are in structural decline Overall fossil fuel employment grew by 3% in 2023, but firms took varied approaches in balancing near-term labour demand against…
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Renewables in District Energy
…around 600 million people worldwide, but many systems remain heavily dependent on fossil fuels, exposing consumers and utilities to price volatility, supply risks and high emissions.The report provides a global overview of district energy systems, their fuel mixes, market conditions, governance models and affordability implications. It explores the growing opportunities offered by renewable and recovered heat sources, including bioenergy, geothermal, solar thermal, waste heat, large-scale heat pumps and thermal energy storage. It also sets out policy priorities for three types of markets: established systems with high renewable shares, fossil fuel-intensive networks, and emerging or untapped district energy markets.
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Industry
Industry
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Breakthrough Agenda Report 2025
…galvanise public and private international action behind these specific priorities in order to make these transitions quicker, cheaper, and easier for all.To initiate this cycle, world leaders tasked the IEA and the Climate High-Level Champions to develop an annual Breakthrough Agenda report to provide an independent evidence base and expert recommendations for where stronger international collaboration is needed. From 2022-2024, the reports contained a detailed assessment on the state of international collaboration across these sectors in areas such as definitions, standards and certification, demand creation and management, research and innovation, finance and investment, infrastructure, and trade conditions…
- Executive summary
- Power
- Hydrogen
- Road transport
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+ 4 pages
