• Country

        Iceland

        In 2007, the Icelandic government released a Climate Change Strategy conceived as a framework for action and government involvement in climate change issues, and setting forth a long-term goal of reducing net greenhouse gas emissions by 50 to 75% of 1990 levels by 2050.

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        • Country

        Niger

        Access to electricity remains a challenge in Niger and the country is reliant on electricity imports for a significant share of its supply. The country is an oil resource centre and it is one of the ten-largest uranium resource-holders in the world.

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        • Country report

        • Nov 2025

        Brazil 2025

        Energy Policy Review Government action plays a pivotal role in ensuring secure and sustainable energy transitions. Energy policy is critical not just for the energy sector but also for meeting environmental, economic and social goals. Governments need to respond to their country’s specific needs, adapt to regional contexts and help address global challenges. In this context, the International Energy Agency (IEA) conducts Energy Policy Reviews to support governments in developing more impactful energy and climate policies.This Energy Policy Review was prepared in partnership between the Government of Brazil and the IEA. It draws on the IEA’s extensive…

        Aerial view of cable stayed bridge at Sao Paulo Brazil shutterstock 1214811400

        • Policy

        • Italy

        • 2014

        Obligation for biofuel release for consumption

        In Italy, in line with European directives, the obligation has been introduced for suppliers of petrol and diesel to release biofuels for consumption, in order to develop the supply chain and reduce emissions into the atmosphere from the transport sector. The obligation is based on a quota system defined and updated by the Ministerial Decree of 10 October 2014 and subsequent amendments and additions. The minimum annual quantity of biofuels that the obliged entities must release for consumption is calculated on the basis of the energy content of petrol and diesel released for consumption in the same year. Lastly, the…

        • Country

        Nigeria

        Nigeria is the largest economy and the richest oil resource centre of the African continent. The country also remains the largest gas consumer and producer of West Africa. Notable power sector reforms are underway in Nigeria, including plans for electrification.

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        • Contributor

        Alessio Pastore

        Former Consultant.

        • Country

        Kazakhstan

        Kazakhstan is a significant producer of coal, crude oil and natural gas, and a major energy exporter. While coal dominates the country’s energy mix, renewable sources of energy are a small but growing share of Kazakhstan’s electricity generation. Gas pipeline network expansion remains a priority, in order to expand access and reduce reliance on coal and LPG for household consumption. Kazakhstan is part of the EU4Energy Programme, an initiative focused on evidence-based policymaking for the energy sector.

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        • Country

        Tajikistan

        Hydropower is the main source of energy in Tajikistan, followed by imported oil, gas and coal. However, Tajikistan's energy sector is prone to supply shocks, due to seasonal shortages. Energy policy focuses on providing uninterrupted energy access to all users while improving regional co‑operation and energy sector efficiency, but significant domestic and foreign investment will be necessary for continued energy sector development. Tajikistan is part of the EU4Energy Programme, an initiative focused on evidence-based policymaking for the energy sector.

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        • Country

        Benin

        Benin is reliant on electricity imports for a significant share of its energy supply. Reform programmes, including plans for electrification, have been put in place in the country, where only 30% of the population had access to electricity in 2017.

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        • Country

        Turkmenistan

        Turkmenistan’s government is continuously investing in oil and gas, to modernise and expand the electricity and heat sector by 2020. Moreover, the energy sector is almost fully subsidised, with citizens receiving free electricity, heat and gas up to a certain level of consumption, until 2030, but the government is taking steps to reduce subsidies to curb domestic demand and increase exports. Turkmenistan is part of the EU4Energy Programme, an initiative focused on evidence-based policymaking for the energy sector.

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