-
Southeast Asia Energy Outlook 2026 Energy outlook to 2050 based on targets and pledges
…non-energy-intensive industries expand and electrify. In energy-intensive industries, electrification exceeds 20% by 2050, helping reduce coal demand by around 30%. In transport, energy demand is only around 5% higher in 2050 than today despite much larger vehicle fleets, as electric vehicles, rail and biofuels expand. EVs and biofuels displace around 3 mboe/d of oil demand by 2050, equivalent to Southeast Asia’s current crude oil imports. In buildings, electricity’s share rises from 55% today to 85% by 2050 as appliances, cooling, cooking and water heating electrify.Electricity becomes the backbone of the APS energy system…
-
Ensuring a Strong Labour Dimension for Just and Inclusive Energy Transitions Just and Inclusive Energy Transitions
…the ILO Just Transition Guidelines at the 111th International Labour Conference in 2023. The IEA Clean Energy Labour Council presents this paper in order to highlight the importance of a strong labour dimension in clean energy transitions, and to ensure that the transitions are fair, inclusive, and people-centred. The IEA Clean Energy Labour Council shares these policy considerations with international policy makers as well as the G20 and COP30 Presidencies. Clean Energy Transitions: the role of energy workers Workers are at the heart of the energy system, with around 67.5 million people working in the sector in 2023 and an…
-
Energy and AI Energy demand from AI
What is a data centre? Artificial intelligence (AI) model training and deployment occur mainly in data centres. Understanding the role of data centres as actors in the energy system first requires an understanding of their component parts. Data centres are facilities used to house servers, storage systems, networking equipment and associated components that are installed in racks and organised into rows. This IT equipment, and a range of auxiliary equipment required to keep it in working order, comprise the following:Servers are computers that process and store data. They can be equipped with central processing units (CPUs) and specialised accelerators…
-
Energy Innovation
…these collaborations work to advance the research, development and commercialisation of specific energy technologies. There are currently 39 TCPs focused on topics across many sectors, including buildings, transport, industry, renewable energy, fossil energy and fusion power. What's needed to power innovation? The Technology and Innovation Advisory Board strengthens the IEA’s work by providing a forum for engagement with innovation practitioners with hands-on experience developing and scaling up innovative energy technologies – including stakeholders from academia and research, large energy companies, small and medium-sized technology developers, investors, and other players in the innovation system, such as philanthropic funders…
-
World Energy Outlook 2022 Energy security in energy transitions
…having uninterrupted access to energy, but also about securing energy supplies at an affordable price. It is a topic of perennial importance, and is once again high on the policy agenda as a result of the global energy crisis sparked by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. The surge in energy prices has been on a large enough scale to worsen considerably the global economic outlook, causing difficulties for households and industrial operations alike, and leading many governments to recalibrate their policy priorities. Energy transitions offer the chance to build a safer and more sustainable energy system that reduces exposure to…
-
Energy Security
…remain an important part of the energy mix for some time. There is also good reason to believe that oil supply disruptions are even more likely to occur in the coming decades than they are today. This is due to an elevated risk of supply-demand imbalances, increasing supply concentration for both crude oil and oil products, a highly uncertain geopolitical outlook, and a plethora of additional risks, such as the growing threat of cyberattacks and the increasing frequency of extreme weather events. One of the IEA’s key tools is an oil stockholding system that requires member countries to…
-
Coal
Global coal demand to remain on a plateau in 2025 and 2026
Despite unusual trends across several major markets in the first half of 2025, global coal demand is likely to remain broadly unchanged to 2027 as underlying structural drivers of the world’s coal use remain stable.
Global coal demand increased to a new all-time high in 2024 of around 8.8 billion tonnes, up 1.5% from 2023, as rising consumption in China, India, Indonesia and other emerging economies more than offset declines in advanced economies in Europe, North America and northeast Asia. However, several of those…
-
Global Energy and Climate Model About the Global Energy and Climate Model
…non-energy use. This is driven by detailed modelling of energy service and material demand.Energy transformation, including electricity generation and heat production, refineries, the production of biofuels, hydrogen and hydrogen-derived fuels and other energy-related processes, as well as related transmission and distribution systems, storage and trade.Energy supply, including fossil fuels exploration, extraction and trade, and the availability of renewable energy resources.Inputs to the model include: historical technology stock, cost and performance; energy statistics and balance data; policies and regulations; and socio-economic drivers.Outputs from the model include: projected technology stock, cost, and performance; energy…
-
World Energy Outlook 2022 The global energy crisis
…investment and behavioural shifts might drive a secure transition towards a net zero emissions energy system, while minimising the potential risks and trade-offs between various policy objectives. Key findings The recovery in global energy consumption that followed the pandemic-induced drop in 2020 ended prematurely with Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in early 2022, plunging global energy markets into turmoil, stoking inflationary pressures and slowing economic growth. The strains on markets did not begin with Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, but they have been sharply exacerbated by it. This has led to volatility and steep spikes in energy prices…
-
Electrification can strengthen Portugal’s energy security and economic resilience
…its National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP), with clear objectives for 2030 and a pathway towards climate neutrality by 2045. To support this, Portugal can develop a national roadmap based on bottom-up sectoral agreements to improve co-ordination, align investment and provide greater clarity for stakeholders.The report highlights that electricity demand is already starting to rise as electrification accelerates across transport, buildings and industry. At the same time, the growing share of solar and wind generation is increasing the need for system flexibility including storage, demand-side response and other resources that can support real-time system balancing…
