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Is the biofuel industry approaching a feedstock crunch?
Renewables 2022 This report forms a component of Chapter 4 of Renewables 2022 and addresses a key question in renewable energy markets. Biodiesel, renewable diesel and biojet fuel producers are headed for a feedstock supply crunch during 2022-2027 if current trends do not change. In our main case, demand for vegetable oil, waste and residue oils and fats increases 56% to 79 million tonnes over the forecast period. Fuels made from wastes and residues are in particularly high demand because they satisfy GHG and feedstock policy objectives in the United States and Europe. In fact, wastes and residues are expected to…
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Oil and Gas Emergency Policy: Switzerland 2012 Update
…In the country, there are two refineries with a total crude distillation capacity of around 125 kb/d. Switzerland meets its stockholding obligation to the IEA by placing a stockholding obligation on industry. Oil product importers are obliged to hold at least 4.5 months of stocks for motor gasoline, diesel and heating oils and three months for jet fuels. All oil stocks are held in the form of oil products and commingled with commercial stocks. The use of emergency oil stocks is central to Switzerland’s emergency response policy, which can be complemented by demand restraint measures. In an…
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Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Switzerland 2012 Review
…of the Former Soviet Union in 2011. In the country, there are two refineries with a total crude distillation capacity of around 125 kb/d.
Switzerland meets its stockholding obligation to the IEA by placing a stockholding obligation on industry. Oil product importers are obliged to hold at least 4.5 months of stocks for motor gasoline, diesel and heating oils and 3 months for jet fuels, based on their 3-year average share in imports or sales. Switzerland held 35 mb of oil stocks at the end of February 2012, equating to 149 days of 2010 net-imports. All oil stocks are held in… -
Does security of supply drive key biofuel markets in Asia?
…and diesel demand with biofuels is a means of increasing a country’s domestic fuel supply. China produces ethanol from corn and cassava, India uses feedstocks such as molasses from its sugar industry (the world’s second-largest) to make ethanol, and Indonesia manufactures biodiesel from palm oil, of which it is the world’s largest producer. However, the production of biodiesel in China and India, and ethanol in Indonesia, is lower because of lower domestic feedstock resources.Security of supply can be strengthened through the application of mandate polices that prescribe replacing a share of gasoline or diesel consumption…
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Fuel economy in Indonesia
…tax rates for vehicles are no longer only based on just engine capacity, but also consider engine efficiency and emissions. Vehicles emitting no more than 120 CO2 g/km, with engine capacities below a specified level are eligible for LCEV tax incentives, and a fuel economy limit of 20 km/l (gasoline) and 21.8 km/l (diesel) is also in place. Tax exemptions are applied to plug-in hybrid, battery electric and fuel-cell electric vehicles that meet a minium local content requirement, with fuel consumption equal to 28 km/l, or CO2 emissions up to 100 g/km…
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Partner Country Series - Fossil Fuel Subsidy Reform in Mexico and Indonesia
Many countries have turned to fossil fuel subsidies at some point or another to reduce energy costs in order to cut transportation bills, prop up industries, or finance household electrification, particularly for the poorest families. At the same time, many studies have found that the economic and environmental costs of fossil fuel subsidies far outweighs any of its perceived social benefits, which can be achieved by other more effective means. Drawing on its global experience and extensive analysis of fossil fuel subsidies, the IEA undertook this in-depth look at reforms of fossil fuel subsidies in Mexico and Indonesia. These…
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Implementing Clean Energy Transitions
Focus on road transport in emerging economies This report assesses the impact of the road transport sector on energy demand, CO2 emissions and air pollution in several selected major emerging economies over the coming decades under several IEA modelling scenarios. Most notably the Announced Pledges Scenario (APS) aims to show to what extent announced ambitions and targets, including the most recent ones, are on the path to deliver emissions reductions required to achieve net zero emissions by 2050.Bringing about a road transport decarbonisation pathway in line with the APS in the selected major emerging economies - Brazil, People’s Republic…
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Decarbonisation Pathways for Southeast Asia
G7 report The International Energy Agency (IEA) and the Institute of Energy Economic, Japan (IEEJ) have developed and published long-term decarbonisation pathways for Southeast Asia and Indonesia. This paper provides a comparison of modelling approaches, quantitative drivers, and results from the IEA and IEEJ pathways, highlighting areas of agreement, as well as identifying and explaining differences, and thereby to derive implications. The IEA pathway used in the comparison is the Announced Pledges Scenario (APS) from the World Energy Outlook 2022 and the Energy Sector Roadmap to Net Zero Emissions in Indonesia. The IEEJ pathway is the net zero CO2…
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Navigating Indonesia’s Power System Decarbonisation with the Indonesia Just Energy Transition Partnership
Indonesia is one of the fastest growing economies in the world and with its rapidly growing energy demand, abundant energy and mineral resources, it is set to play a key role in the global economic and energy landscape. Decarbonising its power system has been identified as a key enabler to achieve its pledge for net zero emissions by 2060, as coal power dominates its electricity mix. To support Indonesia’s power sector decarbonisation efforts, the Just Energy Transition Partnership was established during a G20 summit in Bali, in November 2022. The first deliverable of the Just Energy Transition Partnership, which…
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Reducing Emissions in Fossil-Fired Generation - Indonesia, Malaysia and Viet Nam
As Southeast Asian countries continue to experience strong economic growth and improved consumer access to electricity, a rapid rise in electricity demand has prompted several governments in the region to plan large-scale coal-fired power capacity expansions to take advantage of the relative abundance and competitive price of coal resources available for regional consumption. A shift towards a coal-dominated power sector in Southeast Asia is already underway, with coal plants accounting for more than half of the gross thermal capacity additions over the past five years. Indonesia, Malaysia and Viet Nam account for the bulk of existing coal…