Battery electric and internal combustion engine car critical mineral demand

Sources

IEA analysis based on data from IEA (2025), Global Critical Minerals Outlook, Argonne National Laboratories (GREET), International Copper Association.

Notes

BEV = battery electric vehicle; ICEV = internal combustion engine vehicle; LFP = lithium iron phosphate; NMC811 = lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide 811 (LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2). Vehicles refer to an average-sized car, with a battery size of 65 kWh, about the same size as the 2024 sales-weighted global average. Battery refers to minerals used in the battery cells. The copper used at the battery pack level, including cables and the battery management system, is grouped under vehicle. Nickel and manganese listed under vehicle refer to the nickel and manganese used in the steel. Bulk materials such as iron and aluminium are excluded from the analysis.