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Eamon Ryan
Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications.
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Rachel Kyte
Special Representative for Climate.
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Paulina Hennig-Kloska
Ministry of Climate and Environment.
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Financing Clean Energy in Africa Mobilising capital for a sustainable future
…be a priority; in parallel, strengthening domestic financial systems is vital to create sustainable long-term financing options.Despite their importance, the amount of concessional funds is not increasing in Africa. They are also failing to target some of the riskiest areas where they are most necessary, such as early-stage project financing, new technologies, and fragile or conflict-prone countries. It is urgent to reorient these funds to increase their impact, including via the ongoing discussion around reforming multilateral development banks, and by reviewing how delivery mechanisms can be streamlined. In more developed markets and technologies, mobilising private finance…
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Global Energy Review 2026 Global trends
Demand for all fuels and technologies grew in 2025 Global energy demand grew by 1.3%, or 8 exajoules (EJ), in 2025. This represents a notable slowdown in energy demand growth from 2024, when it increased by 2%. A range of factors explain this. Firstly, although the global economic expansion remained robust, the rate of growth was slightly slower than in 2024, with slower growth in energy-intensive industries in some regions. Secondly, lower temperatures relative to 2024 led to lower cooling demand. Thirdly, energy intensity improvements accelerated.All energy sources contributed to meeting global energy demand growth in 2025…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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+ 9 pages
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Global Energy Review 2026 Coal
…declined as steel and cement output shrank by 4% and 7%, respectively. However, these declines were largely offset by an increase in demand for coal for the production of plastics and the chemical sector.In parallel, the commissioning of coal power plants in China accelerated significantly in 2025, reaching almost 80 gigawatts (GW). This was the result of an elevated number of approvals between 2022 and 2024 following power shortages in 2021. The construction of new plants is primarily intended to meet peak electricity demand and support China’s energy security goals.In India, an early and intense monsoon h...
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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+ 9 pages
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Energy and AI Energy demand from AI
…staff, etc. The share of these different components in data centre electricity consumption varies greatly by type of data centre, depending on the nature and efficiency of the equipment they have installed. The outlook for energy demand from data centres Data centres – at least at the scale seen today – are relatively new actors in the energy system at the global level. Today, electricity consumption from data centres is estimated to amount to around 415 terawatt hours (TWh), or about 1.5% of global electricity consumption in 2024. It has grown at 12% per year over the last five years. The…
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Sustainable Transport Policy for Armenia: A Roadmap Sustainable transport in Armenia
The Republic of Armenia (hereafter “Armenia”) is a landlocked country in the southern Caucasus region between the Black and Caspian Seas. It is bordered by the Republic of Türkiye (hereafter “Türkiye”) to the west, Georgia to the north, Azerbaijan to the east and Iran to the south. The country spans an area of around 29 800 km2 with a population of just over 3 million. Yerevan, the capital, is the largest city with approximately 1 million inhabitants.Armenia’s economy has undergone numerous reforms since the economic crisis of the early to mid-1990s. It has transitioned from a Soviet…
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Fossil Fuel Subsidies
This approach compares average end-user prices paid by consumers with reference prices that correspond to the full cost of supply. The price gap is the amount by which an end-use price is short of the reference price. Its existence indicates the presence of a subsidy. In a given economy, the basic calculation of subsidies for a product is:Subsidy = (Reference price - End-user price) × Units consumedThese calculations require substantial data. End-user price and consumption data are drawn from IEA data and, where necessary, from government sources and other reports. The estimates are also sensitive to reference…
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Christian Zinglersen
Former Head of the Clean Energy Ministerial Secretariat.
