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Lithuania 2025 Executive summary
Energy independence is the key principle guiding Lithuania’s energy strategy. Lithuania moved with pace and determination to end its reliance on energy imports from the Russian Federation (hereafter, “Russia”). Thanks to strategic infrastructure investments, Lithuania is an important regional energy hub, and with the recently completed electricity grid synchronisation with the Continental European Synchronous Area (CESA), the Baltic states have successfully disconnected from the Russian-controlled system. While these are important achievements, Lithuania’s final energy consumption remains highly reliant on imported fossil fuels, notably in transport, and a significant share of electricity demand is met by imports. This…
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Germany 2025 Executive summary
Germany is at an important inflection point in its energy transition. As one era of its energy history draws to a close, another is coming clearly into view – the move away from nuclear, coal and Russian natural gas contrasted by the transition towards renewables, low-emissions hydrogen, heat pumps and electric vehicles (EVs). While the world has been buffeted by geopolitical and geoeconomic challenges in recent years, Germany has worked hard to accelerate its clean energy transition. This report seeks to provide Germany with timely advice on how it can progress towards its energy and climate goals, including in three…
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Global EV Outlook 2026 Cutting through the noise
Cutting through the noise
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Access and Affordability
“An Affordable and Sustainable Energy System for Sub-Saharan Africa” (Energy Sub-Saharan Africa) is a five-year programme (2019-2024) funded by the European Union. It supports work with Benin, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Uganda and Zambia, with the aim of promoting sustainable and inclusive economic growth through the transition towards a low-carbon and climate-resilient energy sector, while delivering universal and affordable energy access to all. Today, 730 million people around the world live without access to electricity, while over 2 billion people continue to rely on harmful cooking fuels…
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Investment
This initiative includes a dashboard that offers free data on financing costs for clean energy projects, tools and analysis to help governments identify and address investment risks, and case studies showcasing successful strategies for mobilising capital. This initiative includes a dashboard that offers free data on financing costs for clean energy projects, tools and analysis to help governments identify and address investment risks, and case studies showcasing successful strategies for mobilising capital. Globally, energy investment by governments, households and businesses is expected to reach a new high of $3.3 trillion in 2025. How this spending is allocated has major…
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Colombia 2023 Executive summary
Colombia has emerged as a leader in clean energy transition policy making and is an inspiring example of a fossil fuel producing country committed to climate action, based on a long-term decarbonisation pathway and a policy of energy and economic diversification and a just transition.In the context of the National Energy Plan 2020-2050, launched in 2016, Colombia started a journey to diversify its energy resources and ensure a reliable energy supply by promoting wind, solar and geothermal in the country’s electricity mix.At COP26, Colombia presented a net zero target and an ambitious Nationally Determined Contribution…
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Sheltering From Oil Shocks Oil use in industry
Industry accounts for around 20% of global oil demand. Two-thirds of industrial oil demand is used as feedstock in the chemicals industry. There are options that can bring down oil demand in industry, and some flexibility on which oil products are used as petrochemical feedstocks. 10. Leverage flexibility with petrochemical feedstocks and implement short-term efficiency and maintenance measures Description: The majority of petrochemical production capacity in Asia and the European Union can technically switch between different oil products – such as LPG, naphtha, ethane or gasoil – as a feedstock without requiring equipment modifications. Prioritising the processing of oil feedstocks…
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Energy and AI Energy demand from AI
What is a data centre? Artificial intelligence (AI) model training and deployment occur mainly in data centres. Understanding the role of data centres as actors in the energy system first requires an understanding of their component parts. Data centres are facilities used to house servers, storage systems, networking equipment and associated components that are installed in racks and organised into rows. This IT equipment, and a range of auxiliary equipment required to keep it in working order, comprise the following:Servers are computers that process and store data. They can be equipped with central processing units (CPUs) and specialised accelerators…
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Portugal 2026 Executive summary
Thanks to steady expansion of hydropower, wind power generation and solar photovoltaics (PV) in recent years, Portugal has one of the lowest carbon intensities of electricity generation among IEA Member countries. Portugal is entering a mid‑transition that requires managing two interconnected energy systems that are moving in opposite directions: one is based on renewables and electrification and must scale up rapidly; the other is a legacy fossil fuel system that must decline in an orderly way to avoid stranded assets and price shocks. Electricity is becoming the central pillar of energy security and the main driver of emissions reductions.Portugal…
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Economic growth
Multiple benefits of Energy Efficiency 2025 Energy efficiency provides multiple benefits. This page explores economic growth. Why is energy efficiency important for economic growth? Energy efficiency allows countries to generate more economic activity using the same amount of energy. It is also linked to increased labour productivity and other economic benefits. Key facts Compared with 2000, today’s global economy produces 36% more GDP per unit of energy. Energy efficiency progress over the last 20 years means that close to an extra USD 50 trillion can today be produced using the same amount of energy. This energy efficiency bonus is equivalent to…
