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Unlocking Ukraine’s Hydrogen Opportunity: A Roadmap Taking stock of the effect of war
…export capacity of 146 bcm stopped being used at the end of 2024, when Russia’s transit contract expired. Ukraine has an underground gas storage capacity of 32 bcm.The weighted average cost of capital (WACC) was 12% for solar PV and onshore wind before Russia’s invasion. The country risk premium is estimated at more than 15%, which could nearly triple hydrogen production costs compared to a mature market.Ukraine’s population has fallen by 15% since 2022, with indications that 50-80% of people leaving the country are highly educated, and that three-quarters of employers are facing staff shortages…
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Breakthrough Agenda Report 2026 Hydrogen
Hydrogen
- Executive summary
- Hydrogen
- Road transport
- Steel
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+ 3 pages
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Hydrogen
Hydrogen
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Policy and financing momentum sustain CCUS progress despite setbacks
CCUS Projects Database 2026 commentary Efforts to expand carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) took some important steps forward in 2025. Despite delays and cancellations in some areas, projects reached notable milestones in key markets, while growing financing provided further momentum.CCUS deployment in Europe saw a step-change as the world’s first dedicated carbon dioxide CO2 storage hub began operating in Norway. Major projects were also commissioned in China and North America, and the construction of new facilities began in eight countries worldwide. The newest annual update to the IEA’s CCUS Project Database – which incorporates developments between…
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Sweden
…which has proven effective at driving decarbonisation. Most of Sweden’s electricity supply comes from hydro and nuclear, along with a growing contribution from wind. Heating is supplied mainly through bioenergy-based district heating and heat pumps.
Most of Sweden’s greenhouse gas emissions come from the transport sector, which remains reliant on oil. The government has a target to reduce transport emissions by 70% from 2010 to 2030 and is supporting transport decarbonisation through electrification and advanced biofuels. Sweden is also supporting industrial decarbonisation and is home to one of the first major projects for hydrogen-based steel production.- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Grid investments
…for nuclear. Key analysis IEA analysis of nine major regions shows that increasing electricity generation and grid capacity by one terawatt-hour (TWh), will require investments of USD 30 to 110 million in emerging economies and USD 75 to 150 million in advanced economies. In order to save the same amount of electricity, energy efficiency measures would cost only between USD 10 million and 50 million. A closer look at grid management The deployment of energy efficiency measures typically requires less time than the implementation of most new generation and grid infrastructure. On average, new generation and grid infrastructure can take years to implement, whereas efficiency…
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Household Energy Affordability
Energy is one of the top expenses for millions of households, making energy affordability an important policy concern for governments. The impacts of the global energy crisis on consumer prices have been significantly felt in household budgets. Despite coming down from their peak in 2022, prices remain elevated compared to pre-crisis levels and households continue to grapple with higher living costs.This report sets out to identify key trends that are shaping the state of energy affordability around the world today. It explores how system drivers and household energy consumption influence the makeup of energy bills and opens a…
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Vehicle-to-grid technology
…the EV can additionally discharge energy for use in a home or building, either to serve as a backup during power outages or to lower electricity bills by leveraging dynamic tariffs and increasing self-consumption of rooftop solar. Finally, V2G technology can push energy from the EV battery into the power grid, unlocking the greatest potential for grid stabilisation and cost optimisation. Another form of bidirectionality is vehicle‑to‑load (V2L), where devices such as tools, appliances, and electronics can be powered or charged using the EV’s battery through an alternating current (AC) outlet.Enabling bidirectional charging introduces additional technical requirements…
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Financing CCUS at Scale
How to Mobilise Private Capital Carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) is an important area of attention for governments and financiers as both look to balance policy and investment goals. Recent financial investment decisions of major projects show promise in a sector that is gaining momentum, but its future success depends on viable business models and effective risk allocation across the value chain.In this context, Financing CCUS at Scale is the IEA’s latest report on what it takes to move CCUS projects from the drawing board to operation. Building on expert interviews with leading financial institutions, the report…
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Heat Pump Taxonomy
…and have the potential to impact significantly future trends for energy consumption in buildings and beyond.Tracking and analysing the pace of heat pump deployment compared to that of conventional heating technologies is essential for understanding future needs with regards to energy demand, investments in electricity infrastructure and fuel supply.Despite their growing importance, data on heat pump installations, as well as on their performance and cost, remain fragmented and inconsistent across regions as reporting practices differ in scope, definitions and metrics used.The Heat Pump Taxonomy Project, led by the IEA in collaboration with stakeholders from over 50 institutions…
