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Breakthrough Agenda Report 2026 Executive summary
…how they can be strengthened to better support near-term implementation across the energy system.Overall, the plans largely demonstrate a strong alignment with key levers for international collaboration that can address the challenges facing each sector. For example, hydrogen, steel, cement and concrete, and fertilisers are all sectors where strong international signals for investment are important for market growth for clean energy options. The related plans appropriately identify aggregated demand creation and standards interoperability as priority levers for international collaboration. In the road transport sector, plans identify international assistance with financing and investment in emerging markets as an area...
- Executive summary
- Hydrogen
- Road transport
- Steel
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+ 3 pages
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Global Energy and Climate Model About the Global Energy and Climate Model
Overview Since 1993, the IEA has provided medium- to long-term energy projections using a continually evolving set of detailed, world-leading modelling tools. First, the World Energy Model (WEM) – a large-scale simulation model designed to replicate how energy markets function – was developed. A decade later, the Energy Technology Perspectives (ETP) model – a technology-rich bottom-up model – was developed for use in parallel to the WEM.Over the past four years, the IEA has worked to develop a new integrated modelling framework: the IEA’s Global Energy and Climate (GEC) Model. This model is now the principal tool…
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Global Energy Review 2025 Key findings
…The increase was led by the power sector as electricity demand surged by 4.3%, well above the 3.2% growth in global GDP, driven by record temperatures, electrification and digitalisation. Renewables accounted for the largest share of the growth in global energy supply (38%), followed by natural gas (28%), coal (15%), oil (11%) and nuclear (8%).Emerging and developing economies accounted for over 80% of global energy demand growth. In China, growth in energy demand slowed to under 3% in 2024, half the rate in 2023 and well below China’s average annual growth of 4.3% in recent…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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+ 3 pages
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Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2025 Innovation in mining, refining and recycling to promote diversification
…AI). Innovations such as AI-based geological exploration can reduce drilling costs by up to 60% and increase discovery success rates by as much as four times. Technologies that enable rare earth extraction from ionic adsorption clay deposits could significantly reduce capital intensity and waste generation, opening up new production opportunities in countries such as Australia, Brazil, and Uganda. International collaborations can also play a vital role in addressing technology bottlenecks in building diversified supplies Diversifying supply sources face significant technological and cost bottlenecks that stem from gaps in processing expertise, environmental regulations, and capital and operating costs. Addressing these…
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Tracking SDG7: The Energy Progress Report, 2026
This report is published by the SDG 7 custodian agencies, the International Energy Agency (IEA), the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), the Statistics Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA), the World Bank, and the World Health Organization (WHO), and aims to provide the international community with a global dashboard to register progress on energy access, energy efficiency, renewable energy and international cooperation to advance SDG 7.
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Global Energy Review 2026 Global trends
…slowdown. Oil demand growth also eased, increasing by around 0.65 mb/d, driven by petrochemicals and aviation as fuel demand for road transport growth remained muted as electric vehicle sales increased by over 20% to more than 20 million units. Natural gas demand increased by around 40 billion cubic metres (bcm). At 1%, the annual growth rate marked a notable slowdown from the 2.8% increase in 2024, as high prices curbed higher consumption. Energy demand growth in the United States accelerated, while China’s momentum slowed China accounted for the largest share of global energy demand growth in 2025…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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+ 9 pages
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Kuwait
Kuwait is wholly reliant on fossil fuels for energy generation and by 2030, its energy demand will triple. In order to diversify its energy mix, the country targets to increase the share of renewable generation to 15% by 2030.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
![Kuwait Flag]()
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Scaling Up Transition Finance What is transition finance?
…bring emissions to zero. These investments have historically been difficult to categorise due to differences in energy pathways and timeframes across regions and have been the subject of debate, including over whether and how they should be supported.Transition finance refers to financial activities that can contribute to emissions reductions, particularly in hard-to-abate sectors as well as in emerging market and developing economies (EMDE) where finance needs are high but the support from green finance is limited. It is subject to an important process requirement, in that investments need to be grounded in transition plans, strategies or equivalents…
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Global Energy and Climate Model Understanding GEC Model scenarios
…The Current Policies Scenario (CPS) and the Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) are exploratory, in that they define a set of starting conditions, such as policies and targets, and see where they lead based on model representations of energy systems that reflect market dynamics and technological progress.In addition, we include three scenarios that have normative elements relating to energy access or the achievement of various goals related to emissions. This means that these scenarios work toward a defined outcome and map out a way to achieve it. The Accelerating Clean Cooking and Electricity Services Scenario (ACCESS) - an additional scenario included…
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Ensuring a Skilled Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Workforce
This report examines employment trends, skills needs, and skills gaps across renewable energy, grids, and energy efficiency. It highlights the increased demand for skilled workers in these sectors and the need to address skilled labour shortages. The report identifies barriers which are currently hindering energy education and training. It also discusses policy measures aimed at attracting more people to the renewable energy and energy efficiency sectors and providing them with the necessary training. The report includes new IEA analysis on online job postings in renewable energy and energy efficiency, and IEA modelling on energy employment from 2024 as the last…
