• Country

        Tajikistan

        Hydropower is the main source of energy in Tajikistan, followed by imported oil, gas and coal. However, Tajikistan's energy sector is prone to supply shocks, due to seasonal shortages. Energy policy focuses on providing uninterrupted energy access to all users while improving regional co‑operation and energy sector efficiency, but significant domestic and foreign investment will be necessary for continued energy sector development. Tajikistan is part of the EU4Energy Programme, an initiative focused on evidence-based policymaking for the energy sector.

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        • Country

        Kosovo

        This designation is without prejudice to positions on status, and is in line with United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244/99 and the Opinion of the International Court of Justice on Kosovo’s declaration of independence.

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        • Country

        Russia

        Russia is the world’s second-largest producer of natural gas, behind the United States, and has the world’s largest gas reserves. Russia is the world’s largest gas exporter. In 2021 the country produced 762 bcm of natural gas, and exported approximately 210 bcm via pipeline.

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        • Country

        Poland

        Poland’s energy system has seen progress on energy transition, despite its reliance on domestic hard coal and lignite. For example, Poland has one of the fastest growing solar PV markets in the European Union and has also seen a strong uptake of heat pumps. Poland is pushing to become a major player in offshore wind, aiming for at least 3.4 GW of capacity by 2030. However, stronger efforts are needed across all sectors to accelerate energy transition and Poland would benefit from greater electricity interconnections with the rest of Europe.

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        • Commentary

        • 15 Jun 2026

        From farms to fuel: Ukraine’s biomethane opportunity for energy security and European decarbonisation

        Ukraine biomethane A strategic opportunity for biomethane in Ukraine In 2025, Ukraine exported biomethane to the European Union (EU) for the first time – a milestone that opens an opportunity to scale-up domestic low-emissions gas. Home to the largest agricultural land area in Europe, Ukraine has the resource potential to become one of the continent’s leading biomethane producers, supplying both its domestic market and the EU via an already existing pipeline infrastructure.The first exports of biomethane come at a critical moment. Repeated Russian attacks on Ukrainian energy infrastructure have exposed the vulnerabilities of centralised energy supply. Although…

        • Country

        Turkmenistan

        Turkmenistan’s government is continuously investing in oil and gas, to modernise and expand the electricity and heat sector by 2020. Moreover, the energy sector is almost fully subsidised, with citizens receiving free electricity, heat and gas up to a certain level of consumption, until 2030, but the government is taking steps to reduce subsidies to curb domestic demand and increase exports. Turkmenistan is part of the EU4Energy Programme, an initiative focused on evidence-based policymaking for the energy sector.

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        • Policy

        • Belarus

        • 2008

        The Code of the Republic of Belarus on subsoil dated July 14, 2008 No.406-3

        …The State assigns rights of ownership, use and disposal of mineral resources through authorized state bodies. State administration and regulation of the use and protection of subsoil is carried out by: ·         The President of the Republic of Belarus, who approves the lists of subsoil plots that may be the object of a concession, decides on the need for a concession of subsoil plots, and determines the type of concession agreement for subsoil plots; ·         The Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus, which determines, in agreement with the President of the Republic of Belarus, the procedure for calculating and the…

        • Policy

        • Belarus

        • 2010

        Tax Code of the Republic of Belarus dated December 29, 2009 No 71-Z

        The Code establishes the system of taxes and fees levied to the republican and local budgets, as well as the basic principles of taxation in the Republic of Belarus. One of the taxes is the environmental tax (Article 246), which is established, among other things, for emissions of atmospheric pollutants (Article 247). Article 249 regulates environmental taxes. If compliance with the technical requirements of the environmental management system is certified, a coefficient of 0.9 is applied to the environmental tax rates.  Appendix 7 defines the rates for environmental taxes applicable to emissions of atmospheric pollutants. Methane belongs to the…

        • Policy

        • Belarus

        • 1992

        Law of the Republic of Belarus “On Environmental Protection” No. 1982-XII of November 26, 1992 (as amended on December 29, 2020 No. 73-Z)

        The Law establishes the legal basis for environmental protection in the Republic of Belarus.In order to reduce harmful impacts of economic and other human activities on the environment, these should use the best available methods and technologies to ensure compliance with environmental protection requirements, taking into account economic and social factors (Article 4). The special use of natural resources is subject to a fee, on the basis, inter alia, of a comprehensive environmental permit as established by acts of the President of the Republic of Belarus (Article 16).Technological standards for permissible emissions and discharges of chemicals and other…

        • Policy

        • Belarus

        • 2009

        The Law of the Republic of Belarus “On the Protection of Atmospheric Air” dated December 16, 2008 No. 2-З

        This law refers to payments for the emissions of pollutants to the atmosphere, as required by tax legislation (Article 2). According to article 16, the standards of atmospheric air quality include: standards of maximum permissible concentrations of pollutants in the atmosphere near settlements and places of mass recreation, as well as standards of environmentally safe concentrations of pollutants in the atmosphere in protected natural territories. These standards are established for stationary sources of emissions by the competent bodies of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection in permits for emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere or in integrated environmental…

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