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Energy Efficiency 2025
Market Report Energy Efficiency 2025 is the IEA’s primary annual analysis on global energy efficiency developments, showing recent trends in energy intensity and demand, investment, employment and policy. The report provides sector-specific analysis on industry, buildings, appliances and transport and explores system-wide themes such as emissions reductions, energy security, affordability and competitiveness. This report is launched in parallel with an update to the IEA Energy Efficiency Progress Tracker, which can be accessed through the IEA website.
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Autonomous vehicles
…provide a clear edge. The mutually reinforcing trends of software‑defined vehicles and automated driving are therefore consolidating the technological leadership of EVs. Partially automated driving is becoming mainstream while autonomous vehicles are starting to gain traction Over the past 10 years, ADAS have become much more widespread. In 2025, around half of new cars sold globally featured systems that can automate steering and speed control (Level 2 automation), whereas 10 years earlier this was limited to very few high-end models, accounting for less than 1% of sales. However, the most commonly deployed systems, like adaptive cruise control combined with…
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Sudan
Most of Sudan’s electricity generation comes from hydropower, and more than half of the Eastern African region’s total oil-based capacity is located in the country. Sudan is also contemplating scaling up projects on solar power in the coming years.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
![Sudan Flag]()
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Hydroelectricity
Hydropower is the largest source of renewable energy today, but that could change soon
Hydro is currently the third largest source of power generation worldwide after coal and natural gas. In 2024, it generated around 4 500 terawatt-hours of electricity, or 14% of the global total.
More than 150 gigawatts (GW) of new hydro capacity is set to come online by the end of the decade, mostly in emerging and developing economies. As a result, electricity generation from hydropower is expected to increase by 7% between 2025 and 2030. However, its share in global electricity generation is poised to…
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Scaling Up Transition Finance
…these investments alone cannot deliver all the changes needed to cut global emissions, especially in areas where clean technologies are not yet commercially available or cost-competitive. This is where transition finance comes in: it can help emissions-intensive countries, companies and sectors shift over time towards sustainable practices that are aligned with long-term climate and development goals.In this new report, the International Energy Agency (IEA) provides analyses to map the landscape for transition finance, explains why it matters, and highlights approaches that could move the debate forward.The report also examines the role of transition finance in…
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Breakthrough Agenda Report 2026
Strengthening international collaboration to accelerate delivery Breakthrough Agenda Report 2026 Since its launch at COP 26, the Breakthrough Agenda has served as a framework for strengthening international collaboration across major emitting sectors. Participating countries have endorsed shared “Breakthrough” goals to make clean technologies and sustainable practices more affordable, accessible and attractive than their alternatives by 2030 across the power, road transport, hydrogen, steel, cement and buildings sectors.The Breakthrough Agenda establishes an annual cycle to track progress towards these goals, identify where stronger or more co‑ordinated international action is needed, and support collective efforts to accelerate deployment. Central to this process…
- Executive summary
- Hydrogen
- Road transport
- Steel
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+ 3 pages
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Assessing emissions from LNG supply and abatement options
…natural gas were exported as liquefied natural gas (LNG) in 2024, just under 15% of global natural gas consumption. A further 500 bcm of natural gas were transported through pipelines. Global LNG supply has grown faster than overall natural gas demand in recent years. This trend is set to continue with the arrival of nearly 300 bcm of new annual LNG supply capacity between 2025 and 2030. Previous International Energy Agency (IEA) analysis has highlighted that the greenhouse gas emissions associated with extracting, processing and transporting natural gas are, on average, around 12 grammes of CO2 equivalent (g CO2-eq) per megajoule (MJ…
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Cobalt
Outlook for key energy transition minerals This report provides an outlook for demand and supply for key energy minerals including copper, lithium, nickel, cobalt, graphite and rare earth elements. Demand projections encompass both key energy technologies and other uses under different IEA Scenarios. Supply projections are based on a detailed review of all announced projects. They show how today's geographical concentration evolves over time, for both mining and refining and how expected supply compares with primary supply requirements.
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Stepping Up the Value Chain in Africa
…centred around extraction and mining to one more focused on mineral beneficiation, material production and technology manufacturing. These opportunities would enable Africa to retain a greater share of the economic value generated across energy technology supply chains, and would simultaneously contribute to global efforts to enhance supply chain diversification and resilience.The economic benefits of the new energy economy are currently distributed very unevenly. Emerging markets and developing economies other than China account for less than 5% of the value generated from producing key energy technologies today. In Africa, there are currently only a small number of facilities dedicated to…
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The Value of Demand Flexibility
Benefits beyond balancing This policy brief, developed under the International Energy Agency’s Digital Demand-Driven Electricity Networks (3DEN) Initiative, examines the value of demand flexibility as a core component of modern electricity systems, with a strong emphasis on its role in improving energy efficiency. As electricity demand grows and power systems become more electrified, decentralised and renewable-rich, managing when and how electricity is used is increasingly as important as expanding supply.The brief sets out a clear framework for understanding demand flexibility and highlights its contribution to an efficiency-first approach to power system planning and operation. By…
