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Chemicals
Chemicals
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Energy System Resilience
Lessons learned from Ukraine Ensuring energy security encompasses both long-term and short-term dimensions. The long-term dimension involves securing sufficient infrastructure investment and diverse supply sources. The short-term dimension – resilience – focuses on systems’ ability to cope with events exceeding standard planning conditions. Since Russia’s full-scale invasion in 2022, Ukraine has worked to protect its energy sector and to increase its ability to withstand and rapidly recover from Russia’s attacks on its energy infrastructure. The report explores the lessons that Ukraine has been learning as it works to bolster system resilience and identifies measures that…
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Investment in next-generation geothermal is surging. Policies are key to further growth
Next-generation geothermal readies for take-off Next-generation geothermal is seeing a burst of financing, innovation and new supply agreements Geothermal energy harnesses naturally occurring heat found beneath the Earth’s surface to provide heating and cooling, electricity and energy storage. As global electricity demand rises and power systems place a growing premium on firm supply, geothermal energy’s ability to provide an around-the-clock, low-emissions source of power is attracting renewed attention. However, easy-to-access conventional geothermal resources are relatively rare and mostly confined to a small number of shallow geothermal hotspots globally, accounting for…
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Energy and Water
Energy and water are deeply and fundamentally connected Water is essential for almost every aspect of producing energy, from electricity generation to fossil fuel extraction to biofuels cultivation. In fact, the energy sector accounts for roughly 10% of all global freshwater withdrawals. Meanwhile, energy is crucial to maintaining global water supply. It is needed to extract water from lakes, rivers and oceans; lift groundwater from aquifers and pump it through pipes and canals; and treat water and deliver it to users.This interdependence is set to intensify in the coming years. Each resource faces rising demand and growing constraints in many…
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Aluminium
Aluminium
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Critical Minerals and Metals Strategy of South Africa
…while moderate priorities cover lithium, cobalt, nickel, copper, and titanium. These minerals are considered critical because they underpin South Africa’s economic growth, enable global decarbonisation technologies, support strategic sectors like aerospace and defence, and position the country as a regional leader in mineral beneficiation. To unlock value, the strategy calls for:The strategy calls for exploration by expanding greenfield projects and improving access to geoscience data.It promotes local processing and beneficiation by building hubs for battery materials, hydrogen fuel cells, ferrochrome smelting, and titanium components.It requires investment in infrastructure to ensure reliable energy, rail, ports, water systems…
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Russia
Russia is the world’s second-largest producer of natural gas, behind the United States, and has the world’s largest gas reserves. Russia is the world’s largest gas exporter. In 2021 the country produced 762 bcm of natural gas, and exported approximately 210 bcm via pipeline.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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2022 General Fuel Levy freeze & reduction
In order to cushion domestic consumers and the national economy from the effects of oil price rise, the South African government decided in February 2023 to freeze the general fuel levy on petrol and diesel.A month later, this support was enhanced with a temporary reduction in the general fuel levy of ZAR 1.50/ litre, enacted from April until the end of May 2022.
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National Energy Efficiency Strategy Post 2015
…Department of Public Works (DPW), the Department of Science and Technology (DST), Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), Department of Transport (DoT) and the National Treasury. The South African Government developed and published the post-2015 National Energy Efficiency Strategy setting a vision to “promote energy efficiency as the “first fuel? in driving balanced, socially inclusive and environmentally sustainable economic growth, boosting job creation and leading technological innovation across the region.” The strategy further lists the following expected 2030 impacts (reduction in final energy consumption) from 2015: Economy Wide – 29%; Industry Sector – 15%; Public & Commercial Sector – 37%; Agriculture Sector…
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Critical Mineral Traceability for Energy and Economic Security
Amid rising risks linked to the high concentration of critical mineral supply chains, the ability to track where minerals originate, how they move through supply chains, who has custody of them and how they are transformed is increasingly important for policymakers seeking to create diversified and responsible supply chains.This report provides insights from a first-of-its kind survey on traceability conducted by the IEA and OECD. More than 80 respondent companies active across supply chains of the six focus minerals (copper, lithium, nickel, cobalt, graphite and rare earth elements) provided results between October and December 2025. Drawing on…
