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Ukraine
Ukraine is a key country for European and global energy security. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has pushed it to fundamentally reshape its past dependence on energy imports from Russia.
As the invasion continues, Ukraine is focused on tracking large-scale energy supply disruptions and actively working to recover power and heating for civilians. It is also putting together an ambitious recovery and reconstruction plan, with a strong focus on energy security. In the medium-term, Ukraine’s energy strategy remains focused on European integration, while it aims to an energy system that is ready for a Net Zero future…- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Powering Ireland’s Energy Future
Approaches for a secure, renewables-led electricity system to 2035 Ireland has emerged as a frontrunner in integrating wind power, which supplied around a third of its electricity in 2024. As this power system transformation continues, electricity is set to be the backbone for achieving Ireland’s climate, energy and socio-economic ambitions, making electricity security critical to realising progress in key areas including housing, digital infrastructure, transport and heat. Going forward, Ireland faces strategic choices on how to align its ambitions while ensuring secure electricity supply to 2035.This report assesses the outlook for Ireland’s energy security to…
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Kenya 2024
Energy Policy Review Government action is pivotal in building secure, inclusive and sustainable energy systems. Energy policy is critical not just for the energy sector but also for meeting environmental, economic and social goals. Governments need to respond to national specific needs, adapt to regional contexts, and help address global challenges. In this context, the International Energy Agency (IEA) conducts Energy Policy Reviews to support governments in developing more impactful energy and climate policies.This Energy Policy Review of Kenya was prepared in collaboration between the government of Kenya and the IEA, whose strong partnership achieved an important milestone in…
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2019 Climate Agreement - Gas-free homes Act
In its Climate Agreement, decided in 2019, the Netherlands aims to move away from gas in the building sector by 2050.
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Hydrogen Investment Fund - SA-H2 Fund
The fund, anchored by a €50 million investment from Invest International (Netherlands), supports hydrogen projects from early development through construction and operation. It raises capital from development finance institutions and private investors. Additional funding includes €25 million from the EU’s Global Gateway in Sept 2024 and ZAR 656 million (USD 32 million) from South African institutions (PIC, IDC, DBSA) as of June 2025. Grants were awarded to Mahlako and CENEC for the Prieska Power Reserve, targeting 80 ktpa of ammonia by 2027, scaling to 500 ktpa by 2030. The fund also committed USD 20 million to the Coega Green…
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Main Energy Structure Program (PEH)
The Main Energy Structure Programme is a strategic spatial framework aimed at anticipating and securing the necessary space for national energy infrastructure in the Netherlands by 2050. Its main purpose is to support the transition to a climate-neutral energy system.
Key goals include improving energy efficiency by allocating assets on energy-efficiënt geographical locations, anticipating the potential environmental impact, minimizing spatial claims and cost-efficiency. The program emphasizes careful spatial planning and coordination with municipalities, provinces, and other stakeholders to ensure sustainable and feasible spatial expansion of the energy system. The targets are qualitative, but based on quantitative scenarios. The… -
Activities Implemented Jointly (AIJ)
In March 1995, the governments of Hungary and the Netherlands initiated a series of Activities Implemented Jointly (AIJ) projects to promote AIJ as a feasible means of energy conservation and emissions reduction. This pilot AIJ included a demonstration of small-scale energy efficiency projects for municipalities and utilities managed by NOVEM (National Energy and Environmental Agency of the Netherlands) together with EGI (Institute for Energy Management, Hungary) Consulting and Engineering in Budapest. This simulation studied a number of energy efficiency projects initiated by local governments: in most cases, these projects were identified based on expert advice provided earlier through the…
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Energy Performnce Standards (EPN)
Minimum energy efficiency standards for new residential and non-residential buildings have been in place in the Netherlands since 1995. There are separate standards for residential buildings and different types of non-residential buildings. Since 1995 the standards have been tightened several times, and further tightening is proposed for the near future The ultimate aim is zero-energy new buildings (EPC=0) in 2020, in accordance with the objective of the recasted Energy Performance of Builings Directive (EPBD).
Energy Performance Coefficient (EPC) for Residential buildings
15 December 1995 1,4
1 January 1998 1,2
1 January 2000 1,0
1… -
Energy Agreement for Sustainable Growth
The Energy Agreement for Sustainable Growth is a negotiated plan between the government and dozens of organisations and interest groups to propel Netherlands towards the energy transition. The Agreement stipulates ambitious targets:
a reduction in final energy consumption averaging 1.5% annually
an increase in the proportion of energy generated from renewable sources from 4.4% currently to 14% in 2020 and to 16% in 2023
create at least 15,000 full-time jobs, a large proportion in the next years
improve the competitive position of companies
investment security and innovation support
decrease the costs of energy for households (321… -
Green Certificate Trading
To promote green energy on the national electricity market, the Netherlands in 2001 established a tradable green certificates program. In a green certificate system, the credits function as an accounting system to verify whether demand has been met or, when there is no demand, to measure the amount of electricity produced from renewable energy sources (RES-E). Secondly, certification facilitates trade: through the establishment of green certificates (GCs) a separate market for the renewable characteristic of the electricity will originate besides the market for physical electricity.
