• Policy

        • Germany

        • 2000

        National Climate Protection Program

        The German government first presented the National Climate Protection Programme in October 2000, with the aim of a 25% CO2 emissions reduction from 1990 levels by 2005. The programme set reduction objectives by sector and developed a number of related measures. These included an increase in energy production from combined heat and power plants, an Energy Savings Ordinance and a voluntary pledge by German industrial associations to reduce their emissions. Later developments included tax breaks and an agreement with the automobile industry to help proliferation of energy-efficient cars, and an additional levy on air traffic is considered. The original…

        • Policy

        • Spain

        • 2004

        Royal Decree regulating the Obligation to Maintain Minimum Security Stocks, the Diversification of the Natural Gas Supply and Strategic Reserves of Petroleum Products Corporation

        This decree aims at setting strategic reserves of oil and petroleum products, along with the diversification of natural gas supply. It was last amended in 2022. Article 7 states that any operator authorised to wholesale petroleum products and any company that carries out a retail distribution activity of products not purchased from the aforementioned operators must maintain minimum safety stocks of petroleum products at all times. Article 4 states that the Corporation of Strategic Reserves of Petroleum Products is also empowered by the Government to maintain minimum stocks.

        • Policy

        • Finland

        • 1994

        Compulsory Stockholding of Imported Fuels

        The Act aims to set up storage obligations of coal, crude oil, petroleum products and natural gas in order to ensure the country's security of supply. Importers shall store quantities of crude oil or of fuel products corresponding to two months of average net imports in the previous year. Alongside these commercial stocks, Finland also maintains government stocks. The Act was last amended in 2023.

        • Policy

        • Germany

        • 2017

        Act on the Digitisation of the Energy Transition

        The Act heralds the launch of the smart grid, smart meter and smart home in Germany. It enables the development of a digital infrastructure that is capable of connecting more than 1.5 million electricity producers and large-scale consumers. The Act centers on the introduction of smart meters. They will provide a secure communication platform that will make the electricity supply system fit for the energy transition. A heavy focus lies on data security.

        • Policy

        • Latvia

        • 2025

        Procedures for the Formation and Maintenance of State Petroleum Product Safety Reserves

        Latvia's 2025 regulations establish a differentiated system for maintaining 90-day petroleum safety reserves, split between state-managed stocks and independent aviation industry reserves. To bolster energy security and reduce long-term costs, the government aims to transition to full state ownership of these stocks by the end of 2028 by purchasing at least 15% of the required volume annually. 

        • Policy

        • Azerbaijan

        • 2006

        Law on Energy

        The Energy Law is intended to complete the legal framework regarding the use of subsoil resources, including oil and gas, providing the social, economic and legal bases of state policy in the area of energy resource use. It defines that the state has exclusive ownership of all primary energy fields. It further outlines that the energy policy shall ensure: favourable conditions for the application of efficient and environmentally safe technologies; the conservation of energy resources and the reduction of waste levels; the minimization of negative impact on the environment; among other objectives. Moreover, the Law on Energy recognizes the need…

        • Policy

        • Germany

        • 2023

        Industrial policy in a time of change: securing industrial locations, renewing prosperity, strengthening economic security

        The Strategy provides with the policy framework for industrial development in Germany. It notably emphasises its support for bridging electricity price for energy-intensive companies. 

        • Policy

        • Germany

        • 1991

        Electricity Feed-In Law of 1991 ("Stromeinspeisungsgesetz")

        …to preliminary suppliers, leading to a total cap of 10%. This way, the total burden from the law was limited for individual utilities and their customers. The 10% threshold was almost reached in certain areas in northern Germany in 2000, which would have created a barrier for the further deployment of wind power technology. The law was considered to be the driving force behind the rapid expansion of wind power technology in Germany. The Renewable Energy Sources Act (Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz EEG) based on the same general principles (but without the cap) replaced the Electricity Feed-In Law in 2000.

        • Policy

        • Germany

        • 2022

        3rd Relief Package

        In order to shield domestic consumers from the effects of the energy crisis, the German government enacted in December 2023 a third relief package notably encompassing the following energy-related measures:Postponement of the CO2 price increaseOne-time payment for pensioners in the amount of 300 euros (net)One-time payment for students in the amount of 200 eurosHousing benefit reformHeating allowance IIVAT tax reduction for gas

        • Policy

        • Ireland

        • 2023

        Oil Emergency Contingency And Transfer Of Renewable Transport Fuel Functions Act 2023, Section 20

        Section 20 of the Oil Emergency Contingency and Transfer of Renewable Transport Fuel Functions Act 2023 amended the National Oil Reserves Agency Act 2007 to provide for the preparation of an oil emergency plan in response to an oil emergency.

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