• Policy

        • Japan

        • 2022

        Fuel Oil Price Mitigation Programme

        Japan’s Fuel Oil Price Mitigation Programme provides subsidies to fuel wholesalers and importers to limit increases in retail prices of gasoline, diesel, kerosene, heavy fuel oil and aviation fuel. Introduced in January 2022, the scheme initially provided subsidies of up to approximately ¥5/L when gasoline prices exceeded a benchmark of around ¥170/L, before being expanded in 2022 with subsidy caps raised to around ¥25-35/L as global oil prices surged. The programme was repeatedly extended through 2023-2025 with adjustments to subsidy ceilings and trigger mechanisms to stabilise retail prices. In March 2026, in response to…

        • Policy

        • People's Republic of China

        • 2022

        Price regulation scheme

        In an effort to shield domestic consumers from the effects of the global energy crisis, the Chinese government enacted the legal means to freeze refined oil price for two month should the international price go beyond USD 130 per barrel, through an ad-hoc subsidy scheme to oil companies.

        • Policy

        • Greece

        • 2013

        Law on Maintaining Minimum Stocks of Crude Oil or/and Petroleum Products and Other Provisions

        The 2013 Law on Maintaining Minimum Stocks of Crude Oil or/and Petroleum Products and Other Provisions (MSOCO) provides the comprehensive legal framework of the Greek oil emergency response system. Greece satisfies its stockholding duties by imposing stockholding obligations on commercial actors – specifically, oil importers and large end users.

        • Policy

        • Italy

        • 2012

        2012 Legislative Decree on Minimum Stocks of Crude Oil (249/2012)

        The Legislative Decree on Minimum Stocks of Crude Oil (DMS) implements the European Union’s Directive 2009/119/EC and lays out a specific legal framework concerning the protection of Italy's energy supply by stockholding oil and other petroleum products. Article 3(7) DMS specifies that emergency oil stocks must be created and maintained by commercial actors who have in the previous year released for consumption petrol, diesel oil, fuel oil and kerosene type jet fuel and other specified fuel products. Article 7 DMS identifies the parameters governing the holding of emergency stocks by the Italian CSE.

        • Policy

        • Thailand

        • 2026

        Oil Fund - diesel subsidy rise

        The Fuel Fund Management Committee, which continuously manages the Oil fund to maintain fuel prices affordable, increased the diesel subsidy to 20.36 baht per liter, up from 18.31 baht before the announcement. 

        • Policy

        • Ireland

        • 2026

        Measures to Reduce Energy Costs (2026)

        In March 2026, the Irish government introduced temporary energy affordability measures in response to rising fuel prices linked to the Middle East crisis. The package includes fuel excise reductions of €0.15/litre (petrol) and €0.20/litre (diesel), a temporary reduction of the NORA levy (~€0.02/litre), and an increase in diesel rebates for transport operators (from €0.075 to €0.12/litre). It also extends the fuel allowance by 4 weeks (€38/week; €152 total) for ~470,000 households, providing targeted short-term support to households and businesses. 

        • Policy

        • Thailand

        • 2000

        Fuel Trade Act, B.E. 2543

        The Fuel Trade Act, B.E.2543 requires all refiners, importers, and retailers in private sector to have oil stockpiles. Private sector parties are not allowed to use their oil stocks at their discretion without governmental permission even if their oil stockpile levels exceed minimum requirement. Those volumes shall not be less than the rate prescribed by the Director-General, but not be in excess of 30% of the annual trade volume.

        • Policy

        • India

        • 2024

        SIGHT Programme Hydrogen - Component II (Mode 2B) Tranche I

        Auction for 200 ktpa in refining. 3-year incentive decreasing from USD 0.6/kg to USD 0.36/kg

        • Policy

        • Malta

        • 2012

        Maintenance of Minimum Stocks of Crude Oil and, or Petroleum Products Regulations

        These regulations implement the European Union’s Directive 2009/119/EC and lays out a specific legal framework concerning the protection of Malta’s energy supply by stockholding oil and other petroleum products. The regulator appoints economic operators to maintain stockpiling. The Government also has the right to stockpile. It was last amended in 2019.

        • Policy

        • Chile

        • 1979

        Decree establishing framework for fuel production, import, export and refining

        The Decree mandates that oil-importing companies maintain a stockholding obligation equivalent to 25 days of their domestic average sales over the previous six months. This regulation ensures energy security by requiring companies to hold sufficient reserves to mitigate supply disruptions.

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