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Indonesia
Indonesia’s imports of oil have rapidly increased in recent years. This resource-rich nation is the world’s fourth-largest producer of coal and Southeast Asia’s biggest gas supplier. The country is the largest producer of biofuels worldwide and it is scaling up efforts to exploit its renewable energy potential. Indonesia's importance is underscored by its sizeable population of 250 million people – the fourth-largest in the world – and its significant role as a major producer and consumer of energy in regional and international markets. Indonesia is also the largest economy in ASEAN and an active member…
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Argentina
Argentina’s total primary energy mix is dominated by natural gas (55%) and oil (33%), with bioenergy contributing 5%, and hydropower and nuclear another 3% each. Argentina has the 2nd largest reserve of shale gas and the 4th largest reserve of shale oil worldwide. In 2019, the country produced 500,000 bpd of oil, of which 89,000 bpd was exported, but the country remains a net importer of oil products. In terms of power generation, Argentina relies on natural gas (65%), hydropower (18%), followed by nuclear 8%, wind (7%) and solar (1%). A set of public policies have boosted…
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Oman
Oman’s energy supply is entirely generated by nationally-produced natural gas and oil products and the country is a large exporter of oil and gas. The government has recently launched the “Residential PV Initiative" to foster the private use of solar PV.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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+ 5 pages
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Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG 2023)
Germany updated its Renewable Energy Act (Erneuerbare-Energie-Gesetz, EEG) in 2023 to align with the 1.5 degree path of the Paris Climate Agreement. The EEG 2023 put in place more ambitious renewable expansion goals and improved the framework conditions for renewable energies. As part of the EEG, Germany aims to meet at least 80% of its electricity consumption through renewable energies by 2030. The plan also includes financing the costs of the EEG though the Federal budget - having replaced the former levy on electricity prices. For 2024, around €16.2 billion is allocated for the financing of the…
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BMDV Alternative Drives in Rail Transport Funding programme (Förderprogramm für alternative Antriebe im Schienenverkehr)
Germany allocated €412 million for 2021–2026 to support alternative drive technologies in rail transport, including hydrogen. Funding covers up to 50% for studies and analyses, 45% for electrolysis, 50% for hydrogen refueling stations (HRS), and 40% for the procurement or conversion of rail vehicles. Separate applications are required for each funding component. Three funding rounds have been completed: €87 million in February 2021, €141 million in August 2022, and €93 million in June 2023.
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Funding Programme for FCEVs "KSNI-Förderprogramm"
Germany has allocated €2.2 billion from 2023 to 2026 to support the deployment of climate-friendly vehicles, including fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs). The program covers the procurement of light and heavy commercial vehicles (EU classes N1, N2, and N3) and the development of hydrogen refueling stations (HRS). Incentives include up to 80% of the additional investment costs for alternative drive vehicles, up to 80% of eligible costs for HRS, and up to 50% for feasibility studies. Funding for heavy-duty vehicles is capped at €500,000 per application, and infrastructure funding requires at least one associated vehicle purchase…
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Funding Guidelines for International Hydrogen Projects - Förderrichtlinie für internationale Wasserstoffprojekte
Germany’s funding guidelines support international hydrogen pilot projects outside the EU and EFTA, aiming to test the integration of various technologies at specific sites and promote the industrial scaling of solutions previously demonstrated only at small scale. The program also includes hydrogen import projects and is structured into two modules: one for industrial application and experimental development, and another for basic and industrial research, scientific studies, and training. The first funding round took place in October 2021, followed by a second round in November 2024.
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Climate Protection Contracts
Germany has allocated €2.8 billion to support climate protection contracts, including but not limited to hydrogen-based technologies. Through the Carbon Contracts for Difference (CCfD) scheme, the program provides significant funding to help industries transition to low-carbon processes, such as green steel production using renewable hydrogen. The initiative supports compliance with the EU hydrogen taxonomy, which requires hydrogen to achieve at least a 70% reduction in lifetime greenhouse gas emissions compared to fossil fuel alternatives, and contributes to Germany’s broader goal of achieving climate neutrality by 2045.
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Exemptions from electricity taxes for electrolysis
Germany’s electricity price includes several levies: the KWKG levy for promoting combined heat and power (CHP), the offshore grid levy for financing offshore wind connections, the StromNEV levy to reduce grid charges for energy-intensive industries, and general electricity grid charges. Electrolysis facilities with a commissioning date before 2030 are exempt from the KWKG and offshore grid levies under Section 25 of the Energy Financing Act. They are also exempt from the StromNEV levy and grid charges under Section 9a(1) of the Electricity Tax Act and Section 118(6) of the Energy Industry Act, respectively, with the latter…
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Funding Guideline Offshore Electrolysis
Germany’s funding guidelines for offshore electrolysis projects support the development of innovative technologies adapted to challenging marine conditions, where components previously tested on land require further adaptation. The scope includes both offshore electrolysis systems and associated infrastructure. Project selection follows a two-stage process: the first stage evaluates proposals based on the lowest capital expenditure (CAPEX), while the second stage involves a qualitative assessment to determine final funding decisions.
