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IEA Energy Technology Essentials: Fuel Cells
The IEA Energy Technology Essentials series offers concise four-page updates on the different technologies for producing, transporting and using energy.
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Cost of Capital Observatory Dashboard
…latest survey update in 2025 we asked for WACC data of projects taking final investment decision (FID) from 2021 onwards. An analysis of the latest data can be found in this commentary. The cost of capital is expressed here in local currencies, nominal terms and after tax. In cases where respondents to the survey provided a range instead of a single value of the cost of capital, we included the minimum and the maximum value of that range. We also made assumptions on the corporate tax or inflation in cases where respondents did not specify these values and provided responses…
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Managing the Seasonal Variability of Electricity Demand and Supply
…in each system, both short-term and seasonal flexibility needs rise considerably to 2050. Flexibility, currently provided by thermal power plants and hydro, will increasingly come from new sources – demand response and batteries on shorter timescales and hydrogen across weeks to seasons – with low emissions thermal power plants and hydro remaining important providers of seasonal balancing. As the systems become more capital-intensive, consumers are increasingly insulated from the impact of weather variations on power plant operations and the volatility of fossil fuel prices. This work expands on the report Managing Seasonal and Interannual Variability, published in April 2023 which…
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Global Energy and Climate Model Techno-economic inputs
…more efficient production technologies and practices. Electricity generation technology costs Major contributors to the levelised cost of electricity (LCOE) include: overnight capital costs; capacity factor that describes the average output over the year relative to the maximum rated capacity (typical values provided); cost of fuel inputs; plus operation and maintenance. Economic lifetime assumptions are 25 years for solar PV, and onshore and offshore wind.Weighted average cost of capital (WACC) assumptions reflect market data and survey information provided through the Cost of Capital Observatory, with a range of 4-7% for utility-scale solar PV and onshore wind and 5…
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Automotive Fuels for the Future
…It is a well-balanced compendium of concise technical information, as well as an overview of the essential issues in deciding among alternative fuels. Fuels such as natural gas, LPG or alcohols and biodiesel derived from different feedstocks are considered over the entire cycle from production to use. They are analysed in terms of environmental effects, safety, availability and cost. Their weaknesses and strengths are judged against the yardsticks of established gasoline and diesel technologies. This publication from IEA/AFIS, the information service of the IEA Implementing Agreement on Advanced Motor Fuels, makes this information accessible to the general reader.
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Facilitating Decarbonisation in Emerging Economies Through Smart Charging
The IEA Announced Pledges Scenario estimates that increasing electric vehicles stock from 17 million units today to 808 million units by 2040 can contribute to reducing transport emissions by 36%. The benefits of transport decarbonisation are bolstered by the decarbonisation of power systems, which poses an opportunity for emerging and developing economies with ambitious variable renewable energy deployment targets. The diversity of transport modes undergoing electrification, from public transport to personal electric vehicles and two and three-wheelers along with the location of charging infrastructure at the distribution network level will require smart strategies to ensure a smooth and secure…
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Unlocking Ukraine’s Hydrogen Opportunity: A Roadmap Taking stock of the effect of war
…export capacity of 146 bcm stopped being used at the end of 2024, when Russia’s transit contract expired. Ukraine has an underground gas storage capacity of 32 bcm.The weighted average cost of capital (WACC) was 12% for solar PV and onshore wind before Russia’s invasion. The country risk premium is estimated at more than 15%, which could nearly triple hydrogen production costs compared to a mature market.Ukraine’s population has fallen by 15% since 2022, with indications that 50-80% of people leaving the country are highly educated, and that three-quarters of employers are facing staff shortages…
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Carbon capture, utilisation and storage: the opportunity in Southeast Asia
Carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) technologies are set to play an important role in supporting clean energy transitions in Southeast Asia. CCUS can address emissions from the region’s existing power and industrial assets while underpinning new economic opportunities associated with the production of low-carbon hydrogen and ammonia. Regional co-operation on the development of CO2 transport and storage infrastructure can enable faster and more efficient deployment of CCUS. However, heightened efforts are needed to identify and develop the region’s CO2 storage resources, both on- and offshore. Future investment in CCUS in Southeast Asia will depend on…
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Low-emissions sources of electricity
Net Zero Emissions Guide This 2023 update to our Net Zero Roadmap surveys the complex and dynamic energy landscape and sets out an updated pathway to net zero by 2050, taking account of the key developments that have occurred since 2021.
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Breakthrough Agenda Report 2026 Hydrogen
Hydrogen
- Executive summary
- Hydrogen
- Road transport
- Steel
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+ 3 pages
