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Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan is a significant producer of coal, crude oil and natural gas, and a major energy exporter. While coal dominates the country’s energy mix, renewable sources of energy are a small but growing share of Kazakhstan’s electricity generation. Gas pipeline network expansion remains a priority, in order to expand access and reduce reliance on coal and LPG for household consumption. Kazakhstan is part of the EU4Energy Programme, an initiative focused on evidence-based policymaking for the energy sector.
- Overview
- Energy mix
- Emissions
- Electricity
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Energy efficiency and building renovation programmes under the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (PNRR) and REPowerEU
Romania’s revised Recovery and Resilience Plan includes €2.9 billion for energy-efficiency renovation and seismic consolidation of residential and public buildings. The programme supports insulation, heating system upgrades and improved energy performance. Implementation has been expanded through REPowerEU (2024–2025), including household voucher schemes providing up to €20,200 for renovation, solar PV and storage, particularly targeting vulnerable households. The programme aims to increase renovation rates and reduce energy consumption across the building sector.
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Electricity and natural gas price cap and compensation scheme (extensions of OUG 27/2022)
Romania’s electricity and natural gas price cap and compensation scheme under OUG 27/2022 has been repeatedly extended and modified. OUG 32/2024 extended the scheme to March 2026, while OUG 6/2025 maintained electricity price caps (RON 0.68–1.30/kWh depending on consumption) until June 2025 and gas caps (RON 0.31–0.37/kWh) until March 2026. A further 2026 ordinance extended the household gas price cap (RON 0.31/kWh) to March 2027. The scheme caps retail prices and compensates suppliers, covering households and SMEs, with funding from the state budget and the Energy…
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Emergency Plan for the Natural Gas System
Romania’s National Emergency and Preventive Action Plans ensure secure natural gas supply by outlining legal, technical, and operational measures to mitigate risks, protect consumers, and maintain system stability during crises.
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National Energy and Climate Change Plan
Romania has updated its National Energy and Climate Change Plan, aiming for net zero emissions by 2045 and targeting 38% renewable energy consumption by 2030. The plan includes developing wind, solar, and biomass energy, expanding nuclear capacity with new small modular reactors, and decommissioning coal-fired power plants by 2032. Additionally, Romania is investing in battery energy storage systems to support its renewable energy goals.
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Photovoltaic Green House
Romania's Ministry of Environment has allocated RON280 million ($63.7 million) for the Casa Verde Fotovoltaice (green PV home) scheme to support residential solar installations under the country’s net metering regime. In 2020, the budget for the scheme was RON252 million. In 2023, the government allocated RON 3 billion ($666.2 million). It provides rebates for installations larger than 3 kW in size, which cover up to 90% of the array costs, provided that the grant does not exceed RON20,000 for conventional projects and RON25,000 for projects in isolated areas.
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Modified RRF - clean energy production
Romania's RRF contains reforms and investments amounting to €1.2 billion to support clean energy production by phasing-out of coal and lignite power production, deployment of renewables, and hydrogen. Out of which, €8 million is dedicated to solar PV of up to 24MW.
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Government Emergency Ordinance No. 155/2024 (GEO 155/2024)
Romania's Network and Information Systems Security Law of 2020 (Law 89(I)/2020) establishes a national framework to secure critical infrastructure and digital services, including energy services.
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Purchase subsidies Scrappage
Romania's Social Deomcratic Party plans to extend the existing Rabla program of EV incentives to 2020 and increase the avlue of the purchase incentives to 10 000 euros per electric car.
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Lithium
Outlook for key energy transition minerals This report provides an outlook for demand and supply for key energy minerals including copper, lithium, nickel, cobalt, graphite and rare earth elements. Demand projections encompass both key energy technologies and other uses under different IEA Scenarios. Supply projections are based on a detailed review of all announced projects. They show how today's geographical concentration evolves over time, for both mining and refining and how expected supply compares with primary supply requirements.
