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Global Hydrogen Review 2025 Demand
Highlights Global hydrogen demand reached almost 100 Mt in 2024 and is expected to surpass that milestone in 2025. This increase is being driven by demand for industrial products that use hydrogen as a feedstock, rather than being the result of successful implementation of energy and climate policies.Demand is still almost exclusively from established sectors (refining, ammonia, methanol and fossil-based direct reduced iron [DRI]), with demand for new applications (biofuels upgrading, new industrial uses, mobility, power or synthetic fuels) growing but from a very low base – less than 1% of demand.Low-emissions hydrogen use increased by nearly 10…
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Renewables in District Energy Executive summary
…overall fossil fuel use remains high. Coal accounts for around half of global district heat production, with natural gas contributing close to one-third, reflecting continued reliance on legacy infrastructure and established supply chains, particularly in China and Eastern Europe. Existing networks provide a platform for fuel switching and the integration of renewables and waste heat, making district energy a key lever to advance, energy security and system efficiency and emission reductions. Renewables and waste heat can scale district energy, but challenges remain for faster deployment Renewables currently supply just 7% of global district heat, concentrated in a small number…
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Scaling Up Transition Finance Executive Summary
…nonetheless essential for a sustainable transition. Corporates set out asset- or entity-level transition strategies and commitments, demonstrating their direction of travel to maintain access to finance and other benefits.Governments provide credibility and investor confidence by publishing national decarbonisation strategies, underpinned by regulations and incentives to support transition activities.Financial institutions act both as financiers and as quality controllers, engaging with and monitoring clients to ensure that financing remains aligned with climate goals.Attempts to define these activities more precisely—including how transition finance relates to green finance and to long-term climate goals—are difficult to harmonise global...
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Global Energy Review 2026 Coal
…Union, the long-term decrease in coal use slowed, mostly due to low hydropower and wind output. Together, these trends balanced each other out, resulting in only modest global demand growth over the year. Coal power generation accounts for two-thirds of coal consumption globally, and therefore is the main driver of coal demand trends. In 2025, coal power generation was basically flat, remaining close to 2024 levels. In the industrial sector, coal demand continued its decline in advanced economies as well as in heavy industry in China, where cement and steel production peaked in 2014 and 2020 respectively. However…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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The Future of Electricity in the Middle East and North Africa Executive summary
…in all other MENA countries. To 2035, cooling is set to be the largest driver of electricity demand growth in the region. The MENA region also faces extreme water stress, with an imbalance between freshwater demand and renewable water supply four times the global average. Seven of the eight most water-stressed nations globally are in the region. To meet demand, MENA produced 12 billion cubic metres (bcm) of desalinated water in 2024, equivalent to the annual flow of the Euphrates River. Production is set to triple by 2035. While most desalination today relies on oil and gas, the last major investment in…
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Global EV Outlook 2026 Electric vehicle charging
…around 90% of EV owners can charge at home. In China, on the other hand, only 7% of residents live in single-family houses, with the majority living in apartments. According to a 2025 survey, only around 50% of EV owners in China have home chargers, though another third have access to shared residential chargers (such as those in an apartment complex parking lots).In recognition of the importance of access to home charging, policy measures in place in many countries around the world include specific building regulations or codes. For example, in 2024 the European Union revised the Energy Performance…
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State of Energy Policy 2026 Government energy spending
…reaching around 1.4% of total direct government expenditure in 2025. Levels have varied by country, with some reaching up to 5% of general expenditure. Although spending fell from its peak in 2023, disbursements in 2024 and 2025 remained significantly higher than in the 2010s, reaching respectively around USD 370 billion and USD 405 billion. Other economic sectors saw more modest growth: spending on areas such as health and social protection rose broadly in line with general total expenditure, by around 1.4 times over the same period, compared with more than doubling for energy.Energy provisions in national plans following the…
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Sheltering From Oil Shocks Road transport fuels
Road transport accounts for around 45% of global oil demand, ranging from a third in Korea up to two-thirds in some countries in Europe and Latin America. In advanced economies, passenger cars dominate road transport demand, accounting for around 60% of road energy use. Trucks make up most of the remainder. In emerging economies, there is also a significant role for two/three-wheelers (scooters, motorcycles and tricycles), which account for around 5% of road transport demand and are more numerous than cars in many countries. The share of energy use in medium and heavy freight trucks is also…
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Global Energy Review 2026 Natural gas
Natural gas demand growth slowed in 2025 Following a strong increase of 2.8% in 2024, global gas demand growth slowed significantly in 2025 amid weaker industrial activity and relatively high spot liquefied natural gas (LNG) prices in the first half of the year. Demand increased by 1% in 2025, translating to an increase of around 40 bcm (or 1.4 EJ) in absolute terms. Incremental demand was largely concentrated in the United States and the European Union – where it was supported by colder winter weather – and in the Middle East, where gas use in the power sector grew rapidly…
- Key findings
- Global trends
- Oil
- Natural gas
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+ 9 pages
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Energy Efficiency 2025 Buildings
How and where is energy used? Total final consumption in 2024 was over 450 EJ and has grown by around 25 EJ since 2019. Buildings account for around 30% of global energy demand and have contributed around 20% of the growth in total demand since 2019. The residential sector makes up about 70% of total energy demand in buildings, while the remaining 30% is used in commercial and public buildings.In advanced economies, most energy in homes is used for space and water heating, together accounting for about 70%. This is followed by the use of electrical appliances, such as refrigerators, televisions…
