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Cobalt
Outlook for key energy transition minerals This report provides an outlook for demand and supply for key energy minerals including copper, lithium, nickel, cobalt, graphite and rare earth elements. Demand projections encompass both key energy technologies and other uses under different IEA Scenarios. Supply projections are based on a detailed review of all announced projects. They show how today's geographical concentration evolves over time, for both mining and refining and how expected supply compares with primary supply requirements.
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Gas Market Report, Q1-2026
…still cause price volatility. Close international co-operation between responsible producers and consumers remains important to reinforce the architecture for secure global gas supplies. The International Energy Agency (IEA) continues to support this process, including through the permanent Working Party on Natural Gas and Sustainable Gases Security (GWP), established in late 2024.This edition of the quarterly Gas Market Report provides a thorough review of market developments in 2025 and an outlook for 2026. The report includes a section dedicated to key policies undertaken in 2025, with a special focus on market reforms introduced in fast-growing markets in Asia.
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Household Energy Affordability
…global energy crisis on consumer prices have been significantly felt in household budgets. Despite coming down from their peak in 2022, prices remain elevated compared to pre-crisis levels and households continue to grapple with higher living costs.This report sets out to identify key trends that are shaping the state of energy affordability around the world today. It explores how system drivers and household energy consumption influence the makeup of energy bills and opens a wider discussion on the social implications of energy affordability for households. Based on a review of over 120 energy affordability policies introduced in 2025…
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Graphite
Outlook for key energy transition minerals This report provides an outlook for demand and supply for key energy minerals including copper, lithium, nickel, cobalt, graphite and rare earth elements. Demand projections encompass both key energy technologies and other uses under different IEA Scenarios. Supply projections are based on a detailed review of all announced projects. They show how today's geographical concentration evolves over time, for both mining and refining and how expected supply compares with primary supply requirements.
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Blueprint for Action on Just and Inclusive Energy Transitions
…governments and other stakeholders about how just and inclusive clean energy transitions can be designed and implemented. Based on the voluntary principles endorsed by G20 leaders in 2024, the Global Commission has provided examples to highlight how energy policies can be designed and implemented to support fairer outcomes. The Global Commission has focused on key aspects of each principle and shared selected policies from around the world to show how these are being addressed in different settings.The 2024 Global Commission, convened by IEA Executive Director Dr. Fatih Birol, is co-chaired by Brazil’s Minister of Mines and Energy…
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Copper
Outlook for key energy transition minerals This report provides an outlook for demand and supply for key energy minerals including copper, lithium, nickel, cobalt, graphite and rare earth elements. Demand projections encompass both key energy technologies and other uses under different IEA Scenarios. Supply projections are based on a detailed review of all announced projects. They show how today's geographical concentration evolves over time, for both mining and refining and how expected supply compares with primary supply requirements.
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Powering Ireland’s Energy Future
…the backbone for achieving Ireland’s climate, energy and socio-economic ambitions, making electricity security critical to realising progress in key areas including housing, digital infrastructure, transport and heat. Going forward, Ireland faces strategic choices on how to align its ambitions while ensuring secure electricity supply to 2035.This report assesses the outlook for Ireland’s energy security to 2035, drawing on international experience and detailed power system modelling developed with EirGrid, Ireland’s transmission system operator. The Adapted Transition Pathway illustrates how climate, energy and socio-economic goals align around the electricity system, potentially doubling demand and requiring faster…
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Ensuring a Skilled Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Workforce
…measures aimed at attracting more people to the renewable energy and energy efficiency sectors and providing them with the necessary training. The report includes new IEA analysis on online job postings in renewable energy and energy efficiency, and IEA modelling on energy employment from 2024 as the last full year of data available at the time of publication. The analysis also draws from stakeholder input from two in-person Future of Energy Skills workshops co-ordinated by the IEA and the European Commission and the results from three IEA surveys conducted in 2025 with over 700 respondents: the IEA Industry…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2025
Global Hydrogen Review 2025 The Global Hydrogen Review is an annual publication by the International Energy Agency that tracks hydrogen production and demand worldwide, shedding light on the latest developments on policy, infrastructure, trade, investments and innovation. The report is an output of the Clean Energy Ministerial Hydrogen Initiative and is intended to provide an update to energy sector stakeholders on the status and future prospects of hydrogen, and to inform discussions at the Hydrogen Energy Ministerial Meeting organised by Japan.The sector has progressed significantly since the first publication of the Global Hydrogen Review in 2021. Low-emissions hydrogen…
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Lithium
Outlook for key energy transition minerals This report provides an outlook for demand and supply for key energy minerals including copper, lithium, nickel, cobalt, graphite and rare earth elements. Demand projections encompass both key energy technologies and other uses under different IEA Scenarios. Supply projections are based on a detailed review of all announced projects. They show how today's geographical concentration evolves over time, for both mining and refining and how expected supply compares with primary supply requirements.