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Energy and Water
…as well as climate change. This has significant implications for ensuring both energy and water security. Energy's water problem Energy demand for water desalination is poised to double to 2030 Almost all of the world’s water demand is met by groundwater and surface water. However, water stress has led to an increase in the use of non-traditional resources, such as saltwater. This requires desalination, the process of separating saline water (seawater or brackish water) into freshwater and concentrated salt. Global energy demand for desalination has nearly doubled since 2010, and current trends point to another doubling to…
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Energy Security
…to ensure oil supply security. While much has changed in the global energy landscape since then, the security of oil supply remains a pressing concern for governments across the globe. Worldwide oil consumption reached a record high in 2023, and while dependence on oil is set to lessen in many parts of the world in the coming decades as clean energy transitions advance, the threat posed by oil supply disruptions will not disappear anytime soon.Even once global demand starts to decline structurally, oil will remain an important part of the energy mix for some time. There is also good…
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Critical Minerals
…Critical Minerals Security Programme The IEA Critical Minerals Security Programme is the Agency’s flagship framework designed to help countries strengthen mineral security. Building on the IEA’s leading analytical capabilities in critical minerals markets and its long-standing experience in safeguarding energy security. What are critical minerals? Ensuring secure, sustainable and responsible supply chains In the years ahead, ensuring reliable supplies of critical minerals will be key to the security of energy systems. However, there are risks. Our analysis indicates that today’s well-supplied market may not be a good guide for the future as demand rises. Additionally…
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Fossil Fuel Subsidies
…coal, these are based on the import parity price: the price of a product at the nearest international hub, adjusted for quality differences, if necessary, plus the cost of freight and insurance to the net importer, plus the cost of internal distribution and marketing and any value-added tax (VAT). VAT was added to the reference price where the tax is levied on final energy sales, as a proxy for the tax on economic activities levied across an economy. Other taxes, including excise duties, are not included in the reference price.For net exporters of oil, natural gas and coal…
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The Middle East and Global Energy Markets
The IEA is responding to the energy market impacts of the conflict in the Middle East and continues to closely monitor the latest developments.The disruption to oil and gas flows through the Strait of Hormuz and attacks on energy infrastructure across the region have major implications for energy security and affordability – and for the world economy. The IEA's Executive Director has said the combined impacts amount to "the greatest threat to global energy security in history." The war in the region that began on 28 February has impeded energy trade flows through the Strait, creating the largest supply disruption in…