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Fossil Fuel Subsidies
…an end-use price is short of the reference price. Its existence indicates the presence of a subsidy. In a given economy, the basic calculation of subsidies for a product is:Subsidy = (Reference price - End-user price) × Units consumedThese calculations require substantial data. End-user price and consumption data are drawn from IEA data and, where necessary, from government sources and other reports. The estimates are also sensitive to reference prices, which are calculated based on international prices. Electricity reference prices are derived from annual average-cost pricing (see the section below for more on how reference prices are…
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Investment
…dashboard that offers free data on financing costs for clean energy projects, tools and analysis to help governments identify and address investment risks, and case studies showcasing successful strategies for mobilising capital. Globally, energy investment by governments, households and businesses is expected to reach a new high of $3.3 trillion in 2025. How this spending is allocated has major consequences for energy security, affordability and transitions around the world.The IEA regularly tracks capital flows in the energy sector, identifying key trends and studying their impact. Analyses such as our flagship World Energy Investment report, published annually, explore how investors are…
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Artificial Intelligence
…data-driven global analysis on the energy-AI nexus to date, as well as a follow-up report addressing new trends and questions in April 2026.As the tech sector and energy industry become more intertwined than ever before, the IEA will continue to provide data and robust analysis to inform decision makers. It will also facilitate ongoing dialogue and collaboration among stakeholders, which is essential to maximising benefits and reducing risks. . Meeting electricity demand Data centres, AI and electricity demand The training and deployment of AI models mainly occurs in data centres. While traditional data centres use between 10…
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Access and Affordability
…to electricity, while over 2 billion people continue to rely on harmful cooking fuels such as charcoal, wood, agricultural waste and animal dung – the use of which is a leading cause of premature death and serious health issues in many of the poorest regions of the world.The IEA is at the forefront of efforts to track and address global gaps in energy access. For more than two decades, the Agency has collected and published data on this subject – with a focus on making energy access universal, secure and affordable. To support financial and policy momentum towards these goals, the…
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COP28: Tracking the Energy Outcomes
…countries are developing the second cycle of Nationally Determined Contributions, or NDCs, under the Paris Agreement. Strong ambition and implementation of these NDCs will be crucial in determining the pace at which global greenhouse gas emissions decline over the next decade.The IEA is working with the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Secretariat and sharing data, analysis and policy advice with governments to inform this process.Our Climate Pledges Explorer tracks existing NDCs and net zero targets for more than 190 countries. The interactive database, which also lays out what each country’s NDC implies for energy sector emissions, is updated regularly…
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The Middle East and Global Energy Markets
…natural gas prices have experienced significant volatility since the war began. In the wake of the largest oil supply disruption in history, Brent futures – the global benchmark for crude prices – rose steeply, peaking at more than 60% above pre-conflict levels in late April. Prices pulled back in late May and early June as strategic stock releases and demand weakness eased market tightness, and after the United States and Iran announced an interim agreement to end hostilities. Physical crude markets continue to reflect acute supply tightness as refiners scramble to replace lost Middle Eastern cargoes with alternative supplies. Prices for…
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Critical Minerals
…Additionally, the over-concentration in critical minerals markets today is unprecedented compared with any other major commodity we rely on in the modern world.To support countries as they look to develop sufficient and resilient critical mineral supply chains – a top priority for governments, companies and investors globally – the IEA has been growing its work in this field, expanding its production of high-quality data, analysis and policy recommendations that can inform decision-making among stakeholders. This episode of the IEA's Everything Energy podcast examines the rising strategic importance of key energy-related minerals, featuring conversations with experts on…
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Russia's War on Ukraine
The new energy world The global energy landscape has changed dramatically The energy sector continues to feel the effects of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, which in February 2022 sparked the first truly global energy crisis. Two years on, energy prices have pulled back from record highs, but trends vary widely among regions. In many parts of the world, prices are still elevated – holding back economic growth, straining the finances of households and businesses, and complicating efforts to improve access to electricity. Energy markets, faced with an unusually high degree of geopolitical uncertainty, remain on edge.In Ukraine, the energy sector…
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Climate Change
…Established in 1993, CCXG activities are jointly supported by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the IEA. Energy and climate Energy security and climate security go hand in hand Risks to global energy security are getting worse as climate change intensifies. Higher temperatures, as well as more frequent and severe extreme weather events, increasingly threaten the reliable supply of fuels, minerals and electricity, which can result in higher energy prices. Drought conditions, for example, can impede the operation of thermo-electric and nuclear power plants, which require water for cooling. Meanwhile, hurricanes, floods and other disasters…
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Saving Energy
Today's energy shortages and high prices makes it more important than ever to use energy wisely With today’s global energy crisis resulting in high prices and shortages that are hurting consumers, businesses and entire economies, it has never been more important to use energy more wisely. We can do this through simple changes in behaviour and habits to consume less energy in our daily activities. We can also save energy by investing in more energy efficient products that reduce both our energy bills and our environmental footprint. Energy saving tips 7 ways to save energy 1. Heating: turn…