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Cobalt
Outlook for key energy transition minerals This report provides an outlook for demand and supply for key energy minerals including copper, lithium, nickel, cobalt, graphite and rare earth elements. Demand projections encompass both key energy technologies and other uses under different IEA Scenarios. Supply projections are based on a detailed review of all announced projects. They show how today's geographical concentration evolves over time, for both mining and refining and how expected supply compares with primary supply requirements.
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The Future of Electricity in the Middle East and North Africa
…urbanisation, and rising temperatures are driving up electricity demand. Since 2000, MENA has become one of the top contributors to global electricity demand growth. The region’s climate, characterised by extreme heat and water scarcity, implies that reliable and resilient electricity systems are integral to meeting soaring demand for cooling and water desalination. This outlook provides an unprecedented regional overview of demand patterns for cooling and water desalination including country-level data.How countries across the region meet this increased demand will have profound implications for the region’s economic future but also for global energy markets. This report also…
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Clean Energy Transitions Programme 2024
…multilateral co‑ordination; and delivering global analysis to inform policy dialogue.With significant milestones achieved in 2024, the CETP has supported over 320 high‑level meetings with policy makers, conducted 735 workshops and technical exchanges with over 12 000 participants, produced or enhanced over 200 reports, policy briefs and data products, and delivered 42 training events to almost 1 200 policy professionals. In Africa, the IEA helped secure USD 2.2 billion in funding through a landmark summit on access to clean cooking, while in Asia and Latin America, it helped countries such as Indonesia and Brazil to advance clean energy policies. In addition…
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Global Hydrogen Review 2026
…inform discussions at the Hydrogen Energy Ministerial Meeting organised by Japan.The conflict in the Middle East is impacting global supplies of hydrogen and hydrogen derivatives, such as fertilisers, exposing vulnerabilities in their supply chains. As energy security concerns move higher up the policy agenda, this year's report considers the potential contributions of low-emissions hydrogen and hydrogen derivatives to enhancing energy security. It takes stock of deployment to date to assess the level of hydrogen uptake that could be achieved by 2030.This sixth edition of the Global Hydrogen Review includes novel analysis on what constitutes an acceptable…
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Best Practices and Insights to Expand Clean Energy Access and Adoption
…follow low-emissions practices and are resilient and inclusive. It draws on international evidence, including workshop discussions, IEA analysis and a wide range of global case studies, to identify key impacts and lessons learned from evidence and practice. It highlights how behaviour change is most effective when supported by coherent policy frameworks, targeted measures addressing affordability and structural changes across sectors such as buildings, transport and appliances. By identifying good practices and practical insights, the report provides guidance to support policymakers design inclusive strategies that enable sustainable lifestyles and ensure the benefits of the energy transition are shared by all.
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The Implications of Oil and Gas Field Decline Rates
…evolution of oil and natural gas demand, with less consideration given to how the supply picture could develop. However, understanding decline rates – the annual rate at which production declines from existing oil and gas fields – is crucial for assessing the outlook for oil and gas supply and, by extension, for market balances.The International Energy Agency (IEA) has long examined this issue, and a detailed understanding of decline rates is at the heart of IEA modelling and analysis, underpinning the insights provided by the scenarios in the World Energy Outlook.This new report – based on analysis of the production records of…
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Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2025
…and investment trends, along with their implications for critical minerals security. As in last year’s Outlook, it provides a snapshot of recent industry developments from 2024 and early 2025 and offers medium- and long-term projections for the supply and demand of key energy minerals, taking into account the latest policy and technology developments.The 2025 Outlook also explores key techno-economic issues such as policy mechanisms to support diversification; mineral supply chains for emerging battery technologies; recent innovations in mining, refining and recycling; and a broader view on strategic minerals for applications beyond the energy sector. As a new chapter, the report also…
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Germany 2025
…Review was prepared in partnership between the Government of Germany and the IEA. It draws on the IEA's extensive knowledge and the inputs of expert peers from IEA Member countries to assess Germany’s most pressing energy sector challenges and provide recommendations on how to address them, backed by international best practices. The report also highlights areas where Germany’s leadership can serve as an example in promoting secure clean energy transitions. It also promotes the exchange of best practices among countries to foster learning, build consensus and strengthen political will for a sustainable and affordable clean energy future.
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Multiple Benefits of Energy Efficiency
As energy efficiency continues to gain attention as a key resource for economic and social development across all economies, understanding its real value is increasingly important. The multiple benefits approach seeks to expand the perspective of energy efficiency beyond the traditional measure of energy savings by identifying and measuring its impacts in full bloom.
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Global Hydrogen Review 2025
Global Hydrogen Review 2025 The Global Hydrogen Review is an annual publication by the International Energy Agency that tracks hydrogen production and demand worldwide, shedding light on the latest developments on policy, infrastructure, trade, investments and innovation. The report is an output of the Clean Energy Ministerial Hydrogen Initiative and is intended to provide an update to energy sector stakeholders on the status and future prospects of hydrogen, and to inform discussions at the Hydrogen Energy Ministerial Meeting organised by Japan.The sector has progressed significantly since the first publication of the Global Hydrogen Review in 2021. Low-emissions hydrogen…
