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  • 18 Aug 2022

  Japan Natural Gas Security Policy

  …There is no obligation for the industry to hold emergency gas stocks nor to report stock levels, which might hamper situational awareness in a disruption.Japan’s long-term gas security policy relies on diversifying its long-term supply contracts and on ensuring these contracts include enough flexibility to increase imports during an emergency. The country is very active both in the region and globally, and successfully initiated the “LNG Producer-Consumer Conference”, held every year since 2012 to facilitate dialogue among key stakeholders.There is no single gas transmission system operator (TSO) as trunk line networks have developed separately…

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  • 30 Jun 2022

  Canada Natural Gas Security Policy

  …in natural gas infrastructure since 2016, reflecting growth of the Montney basin in Northeast British Columbia and Northwestern Alberta, as well as other shale basins in western Canada. These have been primarily focused on expanding one of Canada’s main pipeline systems, TransCanada’s Nova Gas Transmission Limited (NGTL). The NGTL system, which delivers 75% of Alberta and British Columbia’s natural gas production to national and export markets, is currently undergoing a CAD 9.9 billion (Canadian dollars) expansion programme to address bottlenecks and capacity constraints in the long term. Despite significant build out, challenges remain in natural gas.…

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  • 30 Jun 2022

  Canada Oil Security Policy

  …As such, Canada does not have an IEA stockholding obligation, does not hold any public emergency oil stocks, nor does it impose stockholding obligations on industry. With a robust oil industry and supply infrastructure, Canada’s emergency policy relies primarily on a well-functioning market to ensure supply security, while at the same time reflecting the jurisdictional authority of provinces and territories over energy resources. In an IEA collective action, Canada would likely contribute with demand restraint measures, either with the federal government coordinating voluntary steps by the provinces and territories, or by mandating implementation under a declared national emergency…

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  • 18 Aug 2022

  Japan Oil Security Policy

  …are capable of meeting demand for transport fuels, but LPG and naphtha need to be imported.Japan’s emergency oil stockholding system mainly consists of government-owned stocks, with a smaller stockholding obligation on industry. The primary role of the Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation (JOGMEC) is to manage 90 days (based on the net imports) of public stocks under the Oil Stockpiling Act, while industry (refineries, specified distributors and importers) is obliged to hold the equivalent of 70 days of stocks, based on consumption over the previous 12 months. The public stocks mostly consist of crude oil…

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  • 13 Dec 2021

  Fuel economy in Canada

  …s Passenger Automobile and Light Truck GHG Regulations, a 5% annual reduction in CO2-equivalent per mile for passenger cars is required from 2017 to 2025. For light trucks, the stringency of new fleet average greenhouse gas limits increases by 3.5% annually from 2017 to 2021 and 5% annually from 2022 to 2025. In response to propsals in the United States to increase the stringency of emissions standards for model years 2023-2025, Canada has announced intentions of aligning regulations with the most stringent performance standards in North America post-2025, whether that be at the United States federal…

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  • 31 Jul 2020

  Canada’s legislation on oil security

  …Instead, Canada’s ESEA created the Energy Supplies Allocation Board (ESAB) which prepares for emergencies and implements Canada’s oil supply emergency framework at times of crisis.  Relevant domestic legislation Related domestic legislation Other related links Circumstances triggering operation of the emergency response system An oil supply emergency exists when there is an actual or anticipated shortages of oil or disturbances in the oil markets that affect or will affect Canada’s national security and welfare and economic stability (article 15(1) ESEA).  Authority determining whether emergency exists It is the Canadian Governor in Council who, after the lieutenant governors…

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  • 13 Dec 2021

  Fuel economy in Japan

  …other major LDV markets, though the pace of fuel economy improvements in Japan slightly slowed between 2017 and 2019.This deceleration may be a signal that further improvements are becoming increasingly challenging. The fact that fuel consumption of small and large SUVs/pick-ups has increased on average by 3.2% and 6.4% per year between 2017 and 2019, may also be contributing to slowing improvements. Nevertheless, the sales share for SUVs in Japan was 13% in 2019, compared to a global average of 44%. City cars continue to hold the largest share of the LDV market in Japan…

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  • 30 Jun 2022

  Canada Electricity Security Policy

  Country Energy Security Policy - Electricity Electricity overview and generation portfolio Most of Canada’s electricity systems are part of the integrated North American market, with 98% of Canadians connected to the continent’s bulk power system. Electricity is regularly traded in both directions between Canada and the United States (‘US’ hereafter) (with Canada a net exporter to the US overall). This robust interconnectivity with 37 north-south cross-border transmission lines adds to the east-west tie lines across provincial borders, and allows for a high degree of reliability and resilience to seasonal or unplanned changes in supply and demand…

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  • 31 Jul 2020

  Japan's legislation on oil security

  Introduction The Japanese oil supply emergency regime is primarily governed by the 1980 Petroleum Supply and Demand Adjustment Act (122/1973) (PSDA), the 2002 Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation Law (94/2002) (OCL) and the 1975 Oil Stockpiling Act (96/1975)(OST). Relevant domestic legislation Related domestic legislation Other related links Circumstances triggering the operation of the national emergency response system According to the article 7(3) of the OST, in the situation where a shortage in the oil supply to Japan occurs, or a shortage in the oil supply to a particular domestic region occurs due to a…

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  • 16 Aug 2021

  Canada Climate Resilience Policy Indicator

  …Canada rising more rapidly, by 2.3°C during 1948-2016. Canada’s Changing Climate Report also explains that in terms of seasonal variation, the temperature has increased more strongly in the winter than in the summer.Warming is expected to continue into the future, with an overall temperature increase of between 1.8°C and 6.3°C by the end of the century, depending on greenhouse gas emissions levels. The rise in temperature is likely to be more evident during the winter and in the country’s northern regions.Canada’s rising temperature is already affecting energy demand, reducing the number…