• Country

        Ukraine

        Ukraine is a key country for European and global energy security. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has pushed it to fundamentally reshape its past dependence on energy imports from Russia.
        As the invasion continues, Ukraine is focused on tracking large-scale energy supply disruptions and actively working to recover power and heating for civilians. It is also putting together an ambitious recovery and reconstruction plan, with a strong focus on energy security. In the medium-term, Ukraine’s energy strategy remains focused on European integration, while it aims to an energy system that is ready for a Net Zero future…

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        • Country

        Belarus

        …dependence, particularly on natural gas from a single supplier. The government is contemplating attractive investment measures and fuel diversification to reduce natural gas consumption and include more coal and renewables into the country's energy mix, while developing local energy sources and introducing nuclear power.

        Belarus has also prioritized improving energy efficiency in electricity and heat production and is phasing out subsidies for electricity, heat and gas, which is expected to make the energy sector more market-focused and investor-friendly. Belarus is part of the EU4Energy Programme, an initiative focused on evidence-based policy making for the energy sector.

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        • Country

        Uzbekistan

        Despite being energy self-sufficient thanks to its gas sector, Uzbekistan's ageing infrastructure struggles to meet growing domestic demand. Losses, overuse and financing remain problematic. Wide-ranging reforms focused on improving and diversification the energy sector are being introduced and the government has adopted the Strategy of Actions 2017-2021, which prioritizes improving energy efficiency and increasing generating capacity and use of renewables. Uzbekistan is part of the EU4Energy Programme, an initiative focused on evidence-based policymaking for the energy sector.

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        • Country

        Kyrgyzstan

        Kyrgyzstan’s hydro-rich energy sector is characterised by aging infrastructure and significant losses, which are exacerbated by a combination of weather-related shocks and growing demand. Energy policy aims to improve energy security by developing indigenous energy sources and rehabilitating and expanding transmission and distribution networks. Developing sustainable energy and improving energy efficiency are also priorities, while slowly removing subsidies will allow for further investment and expansion of domestic resources. Kyrgyzstan is part of the EU4Energy Programme, which is focused on evidence-based policymaking in the energy sector.

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        • Country

        Moldova

        Moldova is almost fully dependent on fossil fuel and electricity imports, with natural gas serving most of its energy needs. The government plans to diversify the energy mix with renewables such as wind and solar. Moldova is part of the EU4Energy Programme, which focuses on improving evidence-based policy making for the energy sector.

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        • Country

        Georgia

        …an energy sector based largely on hydropower and fuelwood, in addition to imports of fossil fuels. It is also an important transit country for the region, with major oil and gas pipelines running across Georgian territory. Efforts are required to improve energy efficiency and capitalise on the country’s renewable energy potential.
        Georgia has made solid progress in the past decade, both in improving the security of its energy supply and in transitioning to a cleaner, more sustainable energy system. Although Georgia is still confronted with many challenges in its transition to a more secure, sustainable and affordable energy future…

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        • Country

        Lithuania

        …has undergone several energy transitions over the past decade. Despite importing a large share of its electricity, the country successfully ended its reliance on Russian energy imports in March 2022. Along with its neighbours, Estonia and Latvia, Lithuania disconnected from the Russian electricity system and completed the synchronisation of its grid with the Continental European Synchronous Area (CESA) in February 2025. By 2030, Lithuania aims to shift from being an electricity importer to becoming a net exporter. Although the country’s energy consumption still depends heavily on imported fossil fuels, the share of bioenergy in the domestic energy supply is…

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        • Country

        Tajikistan

        Hydropower is the main source of energy in Tajikistan, followed by imported oil, gas and coal. However, Tajikistan's energy sector is prone to supply shocks, due to seasonal shortages. Energy policy focuses on providing uninterrupted energy access to all users while improving regional co‑operation and energy sector efficiency, but significant domestic and foreign investment will be necessary for continued energy sector development. Tajikistan is part of the EU4Energy Programme, an initiative focused on evidence-based policymaking for the energy sector.

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        • Country

        Kazakhstan

        Kazakhstan is a significant producer of coal, crude oil and natural gas, and a major energy exporter. While coal dominates the country’s energy mix, renewable sources of energy are a small but growing share of Kazakhstan’s electricity generation. Gas pipeline network expansion remains a priority, in order to expand access and reduce reliance on coal and LPG for household consumption. Kazakhstan is part of the EU4Energy Programme, an initiative focused on evidence-based policymaking for the energy sector.

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        • Country

        Latvia

        …particular, accounting for around three-quarters of domestic generation. Other sectors, notably transport and buildings, continue to consume large amounts of energy and rely on dated infrastructure that hinders stronger reductions in energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, energy efficiency and fuel switching in these sectors will require greater focus.
        Latvia’s hydro-dominated electricity system provides a favourable starting point to use clean electricity to decarbonise other economic sectors. Moreover, given Latvia’s historic dependence on energy imports from Russia, its transition to clean energy sources offers an important opportunity to bolster energy security and lower energy prices.

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