• Country

        Sweden

        …which has proven effective at driving decarbonisation. Most of Sweden’s electricity supply comes from hydro and nuclear, along with a growing contribution from wind. Heating is supplied mainly through bioenergy-based district heating and heat pumps.
        Most of Sweden’s greenhouse gas emissions come from the transport sector, which remains reliant on oil. The government has a target to reduce transport emissions by 70% from 2010 to 2030 and is supporting transport decarbonisation through electrification and advanced biofuels. Sweden is also supporting industrial decarbonisation and is home to one of the first major projects for hydrogen-based steel production.

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        • Country

        Latvia

        Latvia is undertaking its energy transition with some promising results to date, with the goal to reduce total greenhouse gas emissions (without land use, land-use change and forestry) by 65% from 1990 levels by 2030 and to achieve net zero by 2050. It has made inroads on the share of renewable energy in its fuel mix, with sizeable shares of bioenergy and hydropower.
        Renewable energy sources dominate its electricity mix, in particular, accounting for around three-quarters of domestic generation. Other sectors, notably transport and buildings, continue to consume large amounts of energy and rely on dated infrastructure that…

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        • Country

        United Kingdom

        …2050 and to put in place carbon budgets. UK emissions have already fallen by around 50% since 1990, indicating a strong start. Looking ahead, an important pillar of the energy transition will be decarbonising the power sector through sizeable new investments in renewables and nuclear while also focusing on new technologies such as CCUS, hydrogen and small modular reactors. As a historic oil and gas producer, the UK is looking to address declining North Sea production and redirect the region's capacity to clean technologies. The strategies align with UK industrial policies to create new jobs and build manufacturing expertise.

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        • Country

        Luxembourg

        Luxembourg has a fossil fuel intensive energy mix driven by a high demand for transportation fuels, notably from transiting freight trucks and commuters. Despite this demand, the country is committed to reducing emissions. Its climate law sets targets for a 55% emission reduction by 2030 and climate neutrality target by 2050. The government has adopted numerous measures to push for energy transition, including a carbon tax which was introduced in 2020 and encouraging renewable generation through subsidies and auctions. Several programmes also support energy efficiency in buildings, industry and transportation, with a target for 49% of all passenger cars to…

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        Korea

        Korea has set a target of reaching carbon neutrality by 2050 by substantially increasing the share of renewable energy sources, gradually phasing out coal, significantly improving energy efficiency and fostering the country’s nascent hydrogen industry. Korea’s energy sector is characterised by a dominance of fossil fuels, a strong dependence on energy imports and one of the highest shares of industrial energy use among IEA countries. Korea aims to leverage the fourth industrial revolution for its energy transition and to foster green growth by means of low-carbon technologies and clean energy. Due to Korea’s high share of…

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        The Netherlands

        The Netherlands aims to achieve net zero carbon emissions by 2050, and numerous measures have been introduced to support achievement of this goal. A competitive auctions process awards subsidies to renewables, hydrogen and carbon capture, based on avoided CO2 emissions. An offshore wind roadmap is driving rapid deployment and aims for 11.5 GW of capacity by 2030, while strong innovation programmes support deployment of key decarbonisation technologies. Electricity from solar has experienced an impressive growth, with the Netherlands ranking among the top countries in the world for installed PV capacity per capita. The Netherlands will need to closely monitor…

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        • Country

        Canada

        Canada has set an ambitious target to cut greenhouse gas emissions by 40-45% from 2005 levels by 2030 and to reach net zero emissions by 2050. Canada’s energy and economic profile presents both challenges and opportunities to achieving these targets given its profile as a major producer, consumer and exporter of energy. Energy production and use in Canada accounts for over 80% of the country’s GHG emissions, with oil and gas production alone accounting for around a quarter. Canada’s electricity system is already among the cleanest in the world, with heavy dominance of hydropower as well…

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        • Country

        Norway

        Norway has set ambitious targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and establishing a low-emissions society by 2050. As an energy-rich country, Norway is in a unique starting position with respect to the energy transition. An abundance of affordable hydropower has enabled the development of energy-intensive industries and a high level of electrification of homes and businesses with limited greenhouse gas emissions. At the same time, as a major oil and gas producer and exporter, Norway will need to support an evolution of its energy sector amid the global energy transition. Altogether, Norway has the opportunity to lead…

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        • Country

        China

        …natural gas and electricity. The scale of China’s future electricity demand and the challenge of decarbonising the power supply help explain why global investment in electricity overtook that of oil and gas for the first time in 2016, and why electricity security is moving firmly up the policy agenda. That said, cost reductions for renewables are not sufficient on their own to secure efficient decarbonisation or reliable supply.
        Between 2019 and 2024, China will account for 40% of global renewable capacity expansion, driven by improved system integration, lower curtailment rates and enhanced competitiveness of both solar PV and onshore…

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        • Country

        Denmark

        …in decarbonisation and in 2022 the government announced a net zero by 2045 target, aiming at 110% emissions reductions by 2050. Denmark’s technology leadership is important in the areas of offshore wind, biomethane and district heating. The government has expanded these categories to adopt a strategic focus on carbon capture and storage (CCUS) and hydrogen. The government has a robust energy and climate governance under the Danish Ministry of Climate, Energy and Utilities and ‘the year wheel’ of Climate Act of 2020 ensures annual policy actions and funding. Among IEA countries, Denmark has the highest share of wind electricity…

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