US - Saudi Arabia Memoranda on Critical Minerals

In May 2025, the United States and Saudi Arabia signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) on energy cooperation and a Memorandum of Cooperation (MOC) on critical minerals during President Donald Trump's visit to Riyadh. 

The MOC establishes a framework for bilateral co-operation on critical minerals exploration, mining, processing and supply chain development, including joint investment opportunities, workforce development and research collaboration. The agreement aims to strengthen and diversify critical mineral supply chains and support the development of mineral processing and refining capabilities. The MOU on energy cooperation complements the minerals partnership through broader collaboration on energy infrastructure, electricity systems, petroleum refining, civil nuclear energy and related technologies.

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