Well-to-wheels greenhouse gas emissions for cars by powertrains

Notes

ICE = internal combustion engine; HEV = hybrid electric vehicle; PHEV = plug-in electric vehicle; BEV = battery electric vehicle; FCEV = fuel cell electric vehicle. The range indicates the variability of WTW GHG emissions for each powertrain at the country level. For PHEVs, BEVs, and FCEVs, the range is determined considering the minimum and maximum fuel-economy values across countries covered by the Global Fuel Economy Initiative (GFEI) (for more on the GFEI, see IEA, 2019c). PHEVs are assumed to drive 60% of their annual mileage on electric drivetrain and 40% on gasoline engine. For PHEVs and BEVs, the carbon intensities of electricity generation at country level are obtained from Energy Technology Perspectives 2020 (IEA, 2020): the minimum and maximum correspond to a vehicle charging in Iceland (0.1 g CO2-eq/kWh) and South Africa (1 002 gCO2-eq/kWh) (2018). For FCEVs, the minimum is calculated considering production of hydrogen from dedicated renewables, the maximum corresponds to hydrogen production from electrolysis considering electrolysis in China (the country with the most FCEVs in operation and with the highest carbon intensity of electricity generation) and the world average is based on steam methane reforming (8.8 kg CO2-eq/kg hydrogen).