The global midstream and downstream battery supply chain, 2024

Sources

IEA analysis based on BloombergNEF, EV Volumes and Benchmark Mineral Intelligence.

Notes

Refining: Li = battery-grade lithium chemicals; Ni = nickel final products including nickel sulphate; cobalt = final refined cobalt products including cobalt sulphate; Mn = battery-grade manganese sulphate; Ph = battery-grade phosphoric acid. pCAM = Precursor Cathode Active Material; LFP = lithium iron phosphate; NMC = lithium nickel manganese oxide. LFP and NMC refer to cathode material production capacity and NMC includes all nickel-based cathode material such as nickel cobalt aluminium oxide. pCAM includes both Ni-based and LFP precursors based on manufacturing capacity. Geographical breakdown refers to the country where the production occurs. Graphite refining refers to all battery-grade graphite production.