State-owned enterprises, state-owned funds and state-owned commercial bank commitments by instrument, 2019-2024

Sources

IEA based on data from AidData (2023), Global Chinese Development Finance Dataset, Version 3.0; AidData (2025), China's Global Loans and Grants Dataset, Version 1.0; the American Enterprise Institute (2025), China Global Investment Tracker; and the Belt and Road Portal (2025).

Notes

Some grants have been provided in 2019 but is not visible due to the small scale of the financing. Collection and curation of data from the Belt and Road Portal were performed using the IEA Energy Data Centre’s web-scraping system.