Spending on energy R&D by national governments and the European Union, 2014-2019

Sources

IEA (2020h).

Notes

R&D = research and development, and includes spending on demonstration projects (i.e. RD&D) wherever reported by governments as defined in IEA (2011). 2019 is a preliminary estimate based on data available by late April 2020. The IEA Secretariat has estimated US data from public sources. Countries not part of the IEA RD&D statistical sharing exercise in 2019 and 2020 have been estimated from public sources and exchanges with government officials.