Simplified levelised cost of competing low-carbon technologies in steel production

Notes

BF-BOF = blast furnace basic oxygen furnace; ISR = innovative smelting reduction; Gas DRI = natural gas-based direct reduced iron/electric arc furnace (EAF) route; H2 DRI = 100% electrolytic hydrogen-based. For cement production, while CCUS is the only known technology that could achieve widespread and deep emissions reductions in cement production, demand reductions, as well as biomass and other low-carbon heat sources (including in combination with CO2 capture) are also significant measures for reducing the sector's emissions.