Share of lithium-ion battery deployment outside China that could be met without supply from China, 2025

Sources

IEA analysis based on data from European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA), European Alternative Fuels Observatory (EAFO), Marklines, EV Volumes, Benchmark Mineral Intelligence, and BNEF.

Notes

LFP = lithium iron phosphate; CAM = cathode active material. Colours refer to location of production plants. NCX includes lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) and lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxide (NCA); 100% refers to global demand excluding China. Bars refer to potential production outside of China if the utilisation rate were to be increased to 85% of nameplate capacity. Lithium-ion battery deployment needs and production capacity refer to electric vehicles and battery energy storage.