Share of lithium-ion battery deployment outside China that could be met without supply from China, 2024

Sources

IEA (2025) What Next for the Global Car Industry.

Notes

NCX includes lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) and lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxide (NCA); LFP = lithium iron phosphate; CAM = cathode active material. 100% refers to global demand excluding China. The export controls announced in October 2025 are temporarily suspended at the time of writing. Lithium, nickel, and cobalt refer to total production capacity and demand across all sectors. Bars refer to production outside of China if the utilisation rate were to be increased to 85% of nameplate capacity. Some export controls on lithium processing apply, but since they refer specifically to lithium processing technologies, they are not considered in the figure. Batteries with an energy density greater than 300 Wh/kg and lithium-rich manganese-based chemistry are also subject to export controls. The NCX cells affected by export control are those with an energy density greater than 300 Wh/kg. All facilities able to produce graphite anode suitable for battery applications are included within the scope of anode manufacturing capacity. LFP is deployed in over 90% of battery energy storage systems, while electric vehicles rely on a combination of NCX and LFP.