Share of electric car demand excluding China by component that can be met without China, 2024

Sources

IEA analysis based on IEA (2025) World Energy Outlook 2025, IEA (2025) Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2025, Benchmark Minerals Intelligence (2024), BNEF (2025a), EV Volumes (2025), WindEurope (2023), InfoLink (2025), S&P Global (2025) and ChinaIOL (2025).

Notes

STEPS = Stated Policies Scenario. Cobalt, graphite and lithium refer to total production capacity and demand across all sectors, and not specifically to demand from any single supply chain. Cathode and anode refer to active materials. All facilities able to produce graphite anodes suitable for battery applications are included in global anode manufacturing capacity. Battery refers to lithium-ion battery cells. For the midstream and downstream, manufacturing capacities are used, while for critical minerals and materials, production is used. Assumes production outside of China is set to 85% of nameplate capacity.