Public energy R&D as a share of GDP in selected countries, 2012-2019

Sources

IEA calculations based on IEA Energy technology RD&D budget, 2020, https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-technology-rdd-budgets-2020; and Gross domestic expenditure on R&D by sector of performance and socio-economic objective (SEO)”, OECD.Stat (database), https://stats.oecd.org

Notes

EU includes the budget of the European Commission, plus EU member countries as of December 2019 that are also members of the IEA, as well as Norway.