PM2.5 air pollution and efficiency, by cooking fuel, 2024

Sources

IEA (2025), Global Energy and Climate Model.Khavari, B., Ramirez, C., Jeuland, M. et al. (2023), A geospatial approach to understanding clean cooking challenges in sub-Saharan Africa.

Notes

μg = microgramme; LPG = liquefied petroleum gas. Modern biomass defined as solid biomass, burned in Tier 4 ICS (improved biomass cookstove) or higher and bioethanol; Efficiency and PM2.5 refer to a pellet cookstove.