Marginal cost of heating with residential heat pumps and gas boilers under different energy cost assumptions in selected countries, between H1 2021 and H1 2022

Sources

Energy Prices database (non-EU countries); Eurostat (EU member states).

Notes

AAHP = Air-to-air heat pump, AWHP=air-to-water heat pump. The marginal cost of heating estimates the cost of providing an additional 1 MWh of heating with different heating technologies, based on device efficiency and on energy prices. It does not account for capital and fixed operating and maintenance costs. Energy prices used here correspond to average residential consumer prices for electricity and natural gas, including taxes, for the first semesters of 2021 and of 2022.