Levelised cost of using heat pumps versus gas boilers for residential space heating by country, 2025

Notes

The technology shown per country is the more economically competitive of the two. The levelised cost of heat estimates the average cost of providing 1 MWh of space heating over the lifetime of the equipment considered, considering the capital cost of the equipment plus installation, excluding subsidies, and the operational expenditures such as the cost of fuel and regular maintenance. The analysis factors cooling demand in the economic assessment where the air-to-air heat pump provides both heating and cooling and replaces an air-conditioner. Heat pump costs reflect the most popular technology for each country. There is no clear economic case when the levelised cost difference between gas boilers and heat pumps is lower than 5%.