Levelised cost of industrial heat from heat pumps by country, 2025

Notes

The flexible electric boiler configuration shows the levelised price of electric heat used only in the cheapest 25% of hours for grid electricity, with other sources or demand-response used when the price is higher. Electricity costs are taken from Eurostat data for energy and supply, and Network and Taxes match Eurostat definitions; VAT is excluded from taxes because it is generally reimbursable. Eurostat data is averaged across all bands weighted by demand. Additional upfront costs for grid connection, and potential revenues from frequency ancillary services markets, are not included.