Global primary energy intensity improvement, 2000-2025, COP28 doubling target, 2030

Last updated 17 Nov 2025

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Sources

IEA Energy Efficiency Progress Tracker (accessed November 2025).

Notes

Primary energy intensity = total energy supply divided by gross domestic product (GDP 2021 PPP). An improvement is defined as a reduction in energy intensity. Grey bars denote the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) for the indicated timeframes; dark blue bars show annual growth rates in single years. 2025e = estimated values for 2025.

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