Global energy sector CO2 emissions reductions by current technology maturity category in the Sustainable Development Scenario relative to the Stated Policies Scenario, 2019-2070

Notes

GtCO2 = gigatonnes of carbon dioxide. Percentages refer to cumulative emissions reductions by 2070 between the Sustainable Development Scenario and the Stated Policies Scenario enabled by technologies at a given level of maturity. Mature category represents commercial technology types that have reached sizeable deployment and for which only incremental innovations are expected. Technology types in this category have all designs and underlying components at technology readiness level (TRL) 11. Early adoption category represents technology types for which some designs have reached markets, and policy support is required to scale-up. But there are competing designs being validated at demonstration and prototype phase. Technology types in this category have at least an underlying design at TRL ≥ 9 and others at lower TRLs. Demonstration category represents technology types for which designs are at the demonstration stage or below, meaning no underlying design at TRL ≥ 9, but at least a design at TRL 7 or 8. Large prototype category represents technology types for which designs are at a prototype stage of a certain scale, meaning no underlying design at TRL 7 or 8 but with at least one design at TRL 5.