Geographical distribution of the sodium-ion battery supply chain, 2024

Sources

IEA analysis based on USGS (2025), Mineral commodity summaries, Benchmark Mineral Intelligence, Food and Agriculture Organisation.

Notes

Soda ash is for sodium carbonate and sodium is for caustic soda (sodium hyroxide). Hard carbon anode production capacity also includes some soft carbon anode capacity. Biomass includes residues from grain, oil, protein, and sugar crops as well as from managed forests and wood processing.