Geographic concentration of supply chains for selected industrial products, fossil fuels and clean energy technologies by region, 2024

Sources

BCG-SIA (2024), Meier (2025), IFR (2024).

Notes

OPEC = Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries; Li-ion = lithium-ion. Battery refers to battery cells and anodes to anode active materials. The whiskers represent the least and most concentrated step within the industrial process stages of the supply chain for each technology. Bars show the value-weighted average geographical concentration of the leading producer across the entire supply chain, excluding resource extraction (mining). Nickel refining for li-ion batteries refers to nickel sulphate. For fossil fuels and selected products, geographical concentration refers to production. For semiconductors and clean energy technologies, it refers to manufacturing capacity. Heat pumps include both assembly and compressors manufacturing.