Estimated energy costs for producing a small SUV by supply chain step and as a share of direct manufacturing costs by powertrain in selected countries, 2024

Last updated 9 Oct 2025

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Sources

IEA analysis based on GREET.

Notes

The BEV is assumed to have a 75-kWh battery. The energy consumption for battery production refers to the 2024 world average battery chemistry and it assumes the same manufacturing efficiency across regions.

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