Direct CO2 emissions reductions in heavy industry by maturity level, 2019-2070

Notes

Emission reductions are measured relative to the Stated Policies Scenario. Mature = all designs and underlying components at TRL 11; early adoption = at least one underlying design at TRL ≥ 9 and others at lower TRLs; demonstration = no underlying design at TRL ≥ 9, but at least one design at TRL 7 or 8; prototype = no underlying design at TRL 7 or 8, but with at least one design at TRL ≤ 6. TRL = technology readiness level. TRLs are as per the IEA TRL scale, defined here: https://www.iea.org/reports/clean-energy-innovation/innovation-needs-in-the-sustainable-development-scenario